Jump to content

Cinema of Iran

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cinema of Iran
No. of screens596 (2018)[1]
 • Per capita0.7 per 100,000 (2018)
Produced feature films (2017)[2]
Total200
Number of admissions (2018)[3]
Total28,537,410
National films28,514,921
Gross box office (2018)[3]
Total$23.8 million
Part of a series on the
Culture of Iran
flag Iran portal

The cinema of Iran (Persian: سینمای ایران), or of Persia, refers to the film industry in Iran. In particular, Iranian art films have garnered international recognition.[4] Iranian films are usually written and spoken in the Persian language.[5]

Iran has been lauded as one of the best exporters of cinema in the 1990s.[6] Some critics now rank Iran as the world's most important national cinema, artistically, with a significance that invites comparison to Italian neorealism and similar movements in past decades.[4] A range of international film festivals have honoured Iranian cinema in the last twenty years. Many film critics from around the world have praised Iranian cinema as one of the world's most important artistic cinemas.[7]

History

[edit]

Visual arts in Iran

[edit]
See also: Persian theatre

The earliest examples of visual representations in Iranian history may be traced back to the bas-reliefs in Persepolis (c. 500 BC). Bas relief is a method of sculpting which entails carving or etching away the surface of a flat piece of stone or metal. Persepolis was the ritual center of the ancient kingdom of Achaemenids and "the figures at Persepolis remain bound by the rules of grammar and syntax of visual language."[8]

Iranian visual arts may be said to have peaked about a thousand years later during the Sassanian reign. A bas-relief from this period in Taq Bostan (western Iran) depicts a complex hunting scene. Similar works from the period have been found to articulate movements and actions in a highly sophisticated manner. It is even possible to see the progenitor of the cinema close-up: a wounded wild pig escaping from the hunting ground,[9] among these works of art.

After the conversion from Zoroastrianism to Islam; Persian art continued its visual practices. Persian miniatures provide great examples of such continued attempts. The deliberate lack of perspective in Persian miniature enabled the artist to have different plots and sub-plots within the same image space. A very popular form of such art was Pardeh Khani. Another type of art in the same category was Naqqali.[9]

Popular dramatic performance arts in Iran, before the advent of cinema, include Marionette, Saye-bazi (shadow plays), Rouhozi (comical acts), and Ta'zieh.[10]

cinema entered into the public realm, but, its cultural and economic capabilities were still unknown. As a consequence, theaters experienced a growing trend at the outset as to reveal economic attractions of cinema. Due to equating him with the Iranian Constitutional Revolutionaries, Mirza Ebrahim Khan Sahhafbashi’s Kinetoscopes corridor didn’t last for even a month and was closed, resulting in his leaving Iran. Then, it was the turn of Rousi Khan’s public theater. It, too, didn’t survive for a long time as the public theater was plundered during conflicts between Mohammad Ali Shah and Constitution Revolutionaries and, moreover, he himself fled abroad. After him, it was‘ Ardeshir Khan Armeni’ who introduced the real meaning of running and using cinema, continuing until long after him.[11]

Early Persian cinema

[edit]

Cinema was only five years old when it came to Persia at the beginning of the 20th century. The first Persian filmmaker was Mirza Ebrahim Khan Akkas Bashi, the official photographer of Muzaffar al-Din Shah, the King of Persia from 1896–1907. After a visit to Paris in July 1900, Akkas Bashi obtained a camera and filmed the Shah's visit to Europe upon the Shah's orders. He is said to have filmed the Shah's private and religious ceremonies, but no copies of such films exist today. A few years after Akkas Bashi started photography, Khan Baba Motazedi, another pioneer in Iranian motion picture photography emerged.[12] He shot a considerable amount of newsreel footage during the reign of Qajar to the Pahlavi dynasty.[13]

The first public screening took place in Tehran in 1904, presented by Mirza Ebrahim Khan Sahaf Bashi. He arranged the screening in the back of his antique shop. In 1905, Sahaf Bashi opened the first movie theater in Cheragh Gaz Avenue in the national capital. In 1909, with fall of the Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar heir of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar and the success of the constitutionalists, Russi Khan lost his support. Consequently, his film theatre and photography studios were destroyed by the public. Soon after, other cinema theatres in Tehran closed down. Movie theatres sprang up again in 1912 with the help of Ardeshir Khan, an Armenian-Iranian.[9] In 1904, Mirza Ebrahim Khan Sahhafbashi opened the first movie theater in Tehran.[12] The cinematographic camera was introduced to Iran in 1929, as yet another tool of modernization. After Mirza Ebrahim Khan, several others like Russi Khan, Ardeshir Khan, and Ali Vakili tried to establish new movie theaters in Tehran. Until the early 1930s, there were little more than 15 theatres in Tehran and 11 in other provinces.[9] In 1925, Ovanes Ohanian, decided to establish the first film school in Iran. Within five years he managed to run the first session of the school under the name "Parvareshgahe Artistiye Cinema".[14]

1930s and 1940s

[edit]
Roohangiz Saminejad in Lor Girl (1933)

In 1930 the first Iranian silent film was made by Professor Ovanes Ohanian called Abi and Rabi. In 1933 he made his second film titled Haji Agha. Later that year, Abdolhossein Sepanta made the first Iranian sound film, entitled Lor Girl, which was released in 1933 in two Tehran cinemas, Mayak and Sepah. The story of the film was based on a comparison between the state of security in Iran at the end of the Qajar dynasty and during Reza Shah period. Sepanta would go on to direct movies such as Ferdowsi (the life story of the most celebrated epic poet of Iran), Shirin and Farhad (a classic Iranian love story), and Black Eyes (the story of Nader Shah's invasion of India). In 1937, he directed Laili and Majnoon, an Eastern love story similar to the English story of Romeo and Juliet.

The present day Iranian film industry owes much of its progress to two industrious personalities, Esmail Koushan and Farrokh Ghaffari. By establishing the first National Iranian Film Society in 1949 at the Iran Bastan Museum and organizing the first Film Week during which English films were exhibited, Ghaffari laid the foundation for alternative and non-commercial films in Iran.

Early Persian directors like Abdolhossein Sepanta and Esmail Koushan took advantage of the richness of Persian literature and ancient Persian mythology. In their work, they emphasized ethics and humanity.[15]

Pre-revolutionary cinema, 1950s–1970s

[edit]
Main article: Pre-revolutionary Iranian cinema

Post-revolutionary cinema

[edit]

In the early 1970s, a New Iranian Cinema emerged (cinema motefävet). However, following the Revolution in 1979, a few filmmakers and actors went into exile per new governmental regulations. Between 1979 and 1985, about 100 features were released.[16] While Khomeini's censorship remained, the small number of features produced focused on sexual display and European influence.[16]

In 1982, the annual Fajr Film Festival financed films. The Farabi Cinema Foundation then stepped in to try and reassemble the disorganized cinema. The following year, the government began to provide financial aid. This change in regime encouraged a whole new generation of filmmakers, which included female directors as well. With this, the focus shifted to children overcoming obstacles: true stories, lyrical, mystical drama, real-life problems, documentary footage, etc.

Post-revolutionary Iranian cinema has been celebrated in many international forums and festivals for its distinct style, themes, authors, idea of nationhood, and cultural references. Starting With Viva... by Khosrow Sinai and followed by many excellent Iranian directors who emerged in the last few decades, such as Abbas Kiarostami and Jafar Panahi. Kiarostami, who some critics regard as one of the few great directors in the history of cinema,[17] planted Iran firmly on the map of world cinema when he won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival for Taste of Cherry in 1997.

The continuous presence of Iranian films in prestigious international festivals such as the Cannes Film Festival, the Venice Film Festival, and the Berlin Film Festival attracted world attention to Iranian masterpieces .[permanent dead link]. In 2006, six Iranian films, of six different styles, represented Iranian cinema at the Berlin Film Festival. Critics considered this a remarkable event in the history of Iranian cinema.[18][19]

An important step was taken in 1998 when the Iranian government began to fund ethnic cinema. Since then Iranian Kurdistan has seen the rise of numerous filmmakers. In particular, the film industry got momentum in Iranian Kurdistan and the region has seen the emergence of filmmakers such as Bahman Ghobadi, actually the entire Ghobadi family, Ali-Reza Rezai, Khosret Ressoul and many other younger filmmakers.[20]

There is also movie-documentary production, often critical of the society in the name of the Islamic revolution ideal, like the films directed by Mohammedreza Eslamloo.

By the year 2001 the number of features produced in Iran rose to 87 (from 28, which is the number of films that were produced in 1980, after the fall of the Shah). The most popular genres were melodramas and historical pageants which seldom went to festivals. In 1997, the newly elected president, Mohammed Khatemi, would eventually come to play a role in helping filmmakers achieve a certain degree of artistic freedom.[21]

Important figures

[edit]

Directors

[edit]

Actors

[edit]
Shahab Hosseini is the first and only Iranian actor to win the Best Actor award at the Cannes Film Festival.
Reza Naji is the first Iranian actor to win the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the Berlin International Film Festival.
Rouhollah Zamani is the first Iranian actor to win the Marcello Mastroianni Award at the Venice International Film Festival.
Navid Mohammadzadeh and Mohsen Tanabandeh are the only Iranian actors to win the Orizzonti Award for Best Actor at the Venice International Film Festival.

Actresses

[edit]
Shohreh Aghdashloo is the first and only Iranian actress to be nominated for an Oscar award.
Zar Amir Ebrahimi is the first and only Iranian actress to win the Best Actress award at the Cannes Film Festival.
Leila Hatami is the first Iranian actress to win the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin International Film Festival (jointly with Sareh Bayat, Sarina Farhadi, Kimia Hosseini).
Golshifteh Farahani is the first and only Iranian actress to be nominated for a César award.
Taraneh Alidoosti is the first and only Iranian actress to win the Leopard for Best Actress at the Locarno International Film Festival.

Contemporary Iranian cinema

[edit]

Today, the Iranian box office is dominated by commercial Iranian films. Western films are occasionally shown in movie theaters. and contemporary Hollywood productions are shown on state television. Iranian art films are often not screened officially, and are viewable via unlicensed DVDs which are available. Some of these acclaimed films were screened in Iran and had box office success. Examples include Rassul Sadr Ameli's "I’m Taraneh, 15", Rakhshan Bani-Etemad's "Under the skin of the City", Bahman Ghobadi's "Marooned in Iraq" and Manijeh Hekmat's "Women's Prison".[22]

Commercial cinema in Iran

[edit]

The internationally award-winning cinema of Iran is quite different from the domestically oriented films. The latter caters to an entirely different audience, which is largely under the age of 25. This commercial Iranian cinema genre is largely unknown in the West, as the films are targeted at local audiences. There are Three categories of this type of film:

Mohammad Ali Fardin
  • Films before the revolution.

Lor Girl, A Party in Hell, Qeysar, Dar Emtedade Shab, Amir Arsalan, and Ganj-e Qarun.

  • Films about the victory of the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and the ensuing Iran–Iraq war and Action filled with strong religious and national motifs.

Eagles, Barzakhiha, The Viper, Dadshah, Boycott, Duel, Taraj, Ekhrajiha, The Glass Agency, Kani Manga, Ofogh, Bashu, the Little Stranger, Leily Ba Man Ast, M as in Mother and The Night Bus.

For many years, the most visible face of Iranian commercial cinema was Mohammad Ali Fardin, who starred in a number of popular successful films. In the more conservative social climate of Iran after the Iranian Revolution of 1979, however, he came to be considered an embarrassment to Iranian national identity and his films — which depicted romance, alcohol, vulgarity, objectification of women, scantily-dressed men and women, nightclubs, and a vulgar lifestyle now condemned by the Islamic government — were banned. Although this would effectively prevent Fardin from making films for the remainder of his life, the ban did little to diminish his broad popularity with Iranian moviegoers: His funeral in Tehran was attended by 20,000 mourners.[27] Before Fardin, one could argue, Iran simply did not have a commercial cinema.[28]

During the war years, crime thrillers such as Senator, The Eagles, Boycott, The Tenants, and Kani Manga occupied the first position on the sales charts.[29]

Officially, the Iranian government disdains American cinema: in 2007 President Ahmadinejad's media adviser told the Fars news agency, "We believe that the American cinema system is devoid of all culture and art and is only used as a device."[30] However, numerous Western commercial films such as Jaws, The Illusionist, Passion of the Christ, House of Sand and Fog, Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow, Sherlock Holmes, Alpha and Omega, Scarface, Casino Royale, The Mechanic, and The Aviator have been screened in Iranian cinemas and Iranian film festivals since the revolution. Despite great pride in the country's more than 100-year film history, Western cinema is enormously popular among Iran's young people, and practically every recent Hollywood film is available on CD, DVD, or video.[22][31][32][33] State television has also broadcast more Western movies—partly because millions of Iranians have been switching to the use of banned satellite television equipment.[33]

Iranian New Wave films

[edit]
Main article: Iranian New Wave
Nasser Taghvaee
Bahram Bayzai, voted the best Persian filmmaker of all time in 2002

Iranian New Wave refers to a new movement in Iranian cinema. According to film critic Eric Henderson, the acclaimed documentary The House Is Black (خانه سیاه است) directed by Forough Farrokhzad (famous Iranian poet and director) paved the way for the Iranian New Wave.[34] The movement started in 1964 with Hajir Darioush's second film Serpent's Skin, which was based on D.H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover featuring Fakhri Khorvash and Jamshid Mashayekhi. Darioush's two important early social documentaries But Problems Arose in 1965, dealing with the cultural alienation of the Iranian youth, and Face 75, a critical look at the westernization of the rural culture, which was a prizewinner at the 1965 Berlin Film Festival, were also contributing significantly to the establishment of the New Wave.

In 1968, after the release of Shohare Ahoo Khanoom directed by Davoud Mollapour, and the 1969 release of The Cow directed by Darius Mehrjui followed by Masoud Kimiai's Qeysar, and Nasser Taqvai's Tranquility in the Presence of Others, the New Wave became well established as a prominent cultural, dynamic and intellectual trend. The Iranian viewer became discriminating, encouraging the new trend to prosper and develop.[35] In the 1960s, there were 'New Wave' movements in the cinema of numerous countries. The pioneers of the Iranian New Wave were directors like Forough Farrokhzad, Sohrab Shahid Saless, Bahram Beizai, and Parviz Kimiavi. They made innovative art films with highly political and philosophical tones and poetic language. Subsequent films of this type have become known as the New Iranian cinema to distinguish them from their earlier roots. The most notable figures of the Iranian New Wave are Abbas Kiarostami, Jafar Panahi, Majid Majidi, Bahram Beizai, Darius Mehrjui, Mohsen Makhmalbaf, Khosrow Sinai, Sohrab Shahid-Saless, Parviz Kimiavi, Samira Makhmalbaf, Amir Naderi, and Abolfazl Jalili.

The factors leading to the rise of the New Wave in Iran were, in part, due to the intellectual and political movements of the time. A romantic climate was developing after the 19 August 1953 coup in the sphere of arts. Alongside this, a socially committed literature took shape in the 1950s and reached a peak in the 1960s, which may consider as the golden era of contemporary Persian literature.[36]

Features of New Wave Iranian film, in particular the works of legendary Abbas Kiarostami, can be classified as postmodern.[37]

Iranian New Wave films shared some characteristics with the European art films of the period, in particular Italian Neorealism. However, in her article 'Real Fictions', Rose Issa argues that Iranian films have a distinctively Iranian cinematic language

"that champions the poetry in everyday life and the ordinary person by blurring the boundaries between fiction and reality, feature film with documentary." She also argues that this unique approach has inspired European cinema directors to emulate this style, citing Michael Winterbottom's award winning In This World (2002) as an homage to contemporary Iranian cinema. Issa claims that "This new, humanistic aesthetic language, determined by the film-makers’ individual and national identity, rather than the forces of globalism, has a strong creative dialogue not only on home ground but with audiences around the world."[38]

In his book Close Up: Iranian Cinema, Past, Present, Future (2001) Hamid Dabashi describes modern Iranian cinema and the phenomenon of [Iranian] national cinema as a form of cultural modernity. According to Dabashi, "the visual possibility of seeing the historical person (as opposed to the eternal Qur'anic man) on screen is arguably the single most important event allowing Iranians access to modernity."

While Beyzai and Taghvai represent the first generation and Karim-Masihi and Kiarostami represent the second generation of New wave filmmakers, the third generation is represented by Rafi Pitts, Bahman Ghobadi, Maziar Miri, Asghar Farhadi, Mani Haghighi, and Babak Payami,[39][40] along with newly emerged filmmakers such as Saman Salur and Abdolreza Kahani.

[edit]

Parallel to the Iranian New Wave, with its neorealist and minimalist art cinema, there exists a so-called "popular art cinema" in Iran. Filmmakers who belong to this circle make films with a broader range of audience than the narrow spectrum of highly educated people who admire the New Wave, but believe that their movies are also artistically sound. Filmmakers such as Nasser Taghvaee and Ali Hatami are the best examples of this cinematic movement (some of these filmmakers also make new wave films e.g. Mum's Guest by Darius Mehrjui).[36] The Demon and the Bald Hassan, Adam and Eve, The Fisherman's Story, City of Oranges, and Talisman are some of Hatami's works.

Iranian women's cinema

[edit]

Following the rise of the Iranian New Wave, there are now record numbers of film school graduates in Iran and each year more than 20 new directors make their debut films, many of them women. In the last two decades, there have been a higher percentage of women directors in Iran than in most countries in the West.[38] Samira Makhmalbaf directed her first film, The Apple, when she was only 17 years old and won the Cannes Jury Prize in 2000 for her following film The Blackboard.

The success and hard work of the pioneering Rakhshan Bani-Etemad is an example that many women directors in Iran were following much before Samira Makhmalbaf made the headlines and the current Tahmineh Milani, Niki Karimi.[41] Internationally recognized figures in Iranian women's cinema are:

Besides women involved in screenwriting and filmmaking, numerous award-winning Iranian actresses with uniques styles and talents attract critic. The first Iranian actress who won an award for acting in a major film festival was Mary Apick. The most notable Iranian actresses are:

Shohreh Aghdashloo is the only Iranian to be nominated for an academy award in acting

Furthermore, women's resistance against the symbolic order in the society has been demonstrated in different movies such as The Little Rusty Brains by Houman Seyedi

Iranian war films

[edit]
See also: Sacred Defense cinema
Ebrahim Hatamikia

War cinema in Iran was born simultaneously with the beginning of Iran–Iraq War. However, it took many years until it found its way and identity by defining characteristics of Iranian war cinema. In the Alleys of Love (1990), by Khosrow Sinai, shows the most poematic view on the Iran Iraq war and still after years, is one of the leading films about this historical event from a humanistic aspect, although unlike other Iranian war cinema which are fully supported by the Iranian government this film was made with numerous difficulties. In the past decades, the Iranian film industry has produced many war films. In the Iranian war film genre, war has often been portrayed as glorious and "holy", bringing out the good in the protagonist and pandering to nationalist sentiments with propagandistic messaging. Tears of Cold and Duel were two films that have gone beyond the traditional view of war.[42] Many renowned directors were involved in developing Iranian war cinema:[43]

Other films famous and popular Iran Iraq War: Goodbye Life directed by Ensieh Shah-Hosseini, Heeva, Mazrae-ye pedari and Safar be Chazabeh directed by Rasoul Mollagholipour, Kirkuk Operation, Hoor on Fire and Kani Manga directed by Seifollah Dad. Che, Az Karkheh ta Rhein, Mohajer and The Red Ribbon directed by Ebrahim Hatamikia. Big Drum Under Left Foot directed by Kazem Masoumi. Gilaneh directed by Rakhshan Bani-E'temad. The Day Third directed by Mohammad Hossein Latifi. The Reward of Silence directed by Maziar Miri. Sizdah 59 directed by Saman Salur. The Queen directed by Mohammad Ali Bashe Ahangar. Mardi shabih-e baran directed by Saeed Soheili. Bashu, the Little Stranger directed by Bahram Beyzai. Snake Fang directed by Masoud Kimiai and Hoor dar Atash directed by Azizollah Hamidnezhad.

Iranian animations

[edit]
See also: History of Iranian animation

There are some evidences suggesting that Ancient Iranians made animations. An animated piece on an earthen goblet made 5000 years ago was found in Burnt City in Sistan-Baluchistan province, southeastern Iran. The artist has portrayed a goat that jumps toward a tree and eats its leaves.[44]

The first Tehran International Animation Festival was held in the year 1999, four decades after the time the production of first animation films in Iran. The Second Tehran International Animation Festival was held in February 2001. Apart from Iranian films, animations from 35 foreign countries participated in the festival.[45]

The following are among the notable filmmakers of Iranian animated films:

Children and youth films

[edit]

Although early attempts also existed, the Iranian children and youth cinema came of age with acclaimed director Mohammad Ali Talebi (b. 1958). He started his career in the 1980s and achieved success beyond Iran with Bag of Rice (1997) and Willow and Wind (2000), whose script was written by Abbas Kiarostami.[46]

Talebi believed that producing movies for children and teenagers was a service to “the most fragile and vulnerable of the Iranian society.” In the 2010s, he became somewhat skeptical about the future of children and youth cinema in Iran, and in 2018 moved to Slovakia.[47]

Timeline of Iranian films

[edit]
Main article: List of Iranian films

Influence of Iranians on others' New Wave films

[edit]

Amongst the pioneers of French New Wave were François Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Chabrol and Eric Rohmer or Barbet Schroeder (born in Tehran, Iran in 1941 where his German geologist Father was on assignment).

During the first half of the 20th century, France was the major destination for Iranian students who wished to study abroad. Iranian Ambassador to the United Nations Fereydoun Hoveyda was one of them. Fereydoun Hoveyda played a major role in French cultural scene and especially in the field of Cinema, for he was the protégé of François Truffaut whom he befriended and with whom he helped create the well-known film magazine Les Cahiers du Cinéma that spearheaded the French Nouvelle Vague or New Wave Cinema. He also worked closely with Italian film director Roberto Rossellini on several film scripts during that period. Fereydoun Hoveyda was not the only Iranian of his generation to play an active role in promoting the French Cinéma d'Auteur. Youssef Ishaghpour is another example.[48]

Another Iranian figure in French New Wave was Shusha Guppy a singer, writer and filmmaker who was Jacques Prévert's girlfriend. However, the most important contribution to the French New Wave cinema is that of Serge Rezvani an Iranian poet born in Tehran in 1928. He played a major role as music composer of both François Truffaut Jules et Jim and Jean-Luc Godard Pierrot le Fou, considered as landmarks of French New Wave Cinema. Farah Diba studied at the Beaux Arts and became the focus of attention and the French press was to see her as the new Persian Cinderella. Farah Diba was one of the rare foreign dignitaries to become a permanent member of the French Académie des Beaux-Arts.

Iranian Robert Hossein (son of legendary musician Aminollah Hossein) started his acting career with his French Armenian friend Chahnour Varinag Aznavourian (known as the famed crooner Charles Aznavour) in the mid fifties essentially type cast as "Mr. Tough Guy". However he got international acclaim in the early Sixties particularly in Europe, Russia and Asia as the mysterious "Jeoffrey, Comte de Peyrac" lover of the lovely Michèle Mercier in the soft erotic-adventure film series of Angélique Marquise des Anges. In the seventies and eighties he was to play opposite Jean-Paul Belmondo in police thrillers like The Professional. Hossein became known for being a talented theater director and his taste for popular historical vehicles involving large sets and numerous actors.[48]

After the resignation of French President Charles de Gaulle, Iranian Anicée Shahmanesh became known under the screen name Anicée Alvina, playing a French girl in a British film hit called Friends, the music score of which propelled British pop star Elton John. She was also to take on a courageous lesbian role in the screen adaptation of Françoise Mallet-Joris' novel Le Rempart des Béguines.

Two major documentaries were produced in these years by respectively Agnès Varda and the duo Claude Lelouch and Claude Pinoteau:

  • Agnès Varda, first to be discovered to young actor Gérard Depardieu in her 1970 film Nausicaa, directed a love story set in Isfahan (1976) between a French woman (Valérie Mairesse) visiting Iran as a tourist and her guide an Iranian Man (Ali Raffi). The film was entitled Plaisir D'Amour en Iran. The romantic film was shot on location in The Masjed Shah.
  • Claude Pinoteau and Claude Lelouch on the other hand shot their documentary just after the Persepolis Celebrations in 1971. They decided to address the urban transformations and cultural emancipation that the country was subject to by the early seventies.

Several Iranian expats such as Philippe Khorsand or Persian play writer/actor Yasmina Reza have also gained notice in recent years. The latter is particularly known for her highly intellectual introspection in such plays like Art (for which Sean Connery bought the film rights, advised by his French wife).[48]

Music in Iranian cinema

[edit]

Although Iranian composers usually have their own special style and music structure, they all share one thing: melodic, lively rhythms. That might be because they often begin with folkloric songs and shift to film music. In the past few decades, a few composers have emerged in the Iranian cinema with highly appraised works. Composers like Hormoz Farhat, Morteza Hannaneh, Fariborz Lachini, Ahmad Pejman, Majid Entezami, Babak Bayat, Karen Homayounfar, Naser Cheshmazar and Hossein Alizadeh were some of the most successful score composers for Iranian films in the past decades.[49]

Iranian international film festivals

[edit]

Film festivals have a long history in Iran that goes back to the 1950s. The first Tehran International Film Festival opened in April 1973. Although the festival never reached the level of Cannes and Venice, it managed to become well known as a class A festival. It was a highly reputable festival and many well-known filmmakers took part. Great filmmakers such as Francesco Rosi, Michelangelo Antonioni Grigori Kozintsev, Elizabeth Taylor, Pietro Germi, Nikita Mikhalkov, Krzysztof Zanussi, and Martin Ritt won the festival's awards.[50]

Fajr Film Festival

[edit]
Main article: Fajr International Film Festival

The Fajr International Film Festival has taken place since 1983. It was intended to be as magnificent and spectacular as possible from its very onset. It had a background as powerful as that of the Tehran International Film Festival and wanted to remain on the same track. Although the Fajr Film Festival is not yet classed among the top film festivals, it has been successful in making policies and setting examples for the future of Iranian cinema.[50] In its early years it had a competition section for professional as well as amateur film (8 mm, 16 mm). Since 1990, there has been an international along with the national competition. The festival also features a competition for advertisement items like posters, stills and trailers. In 2005, the festival added competitions for Asian as well as spiritual films. The top prize is called Crystal Simorgh.[51][better source needed]

Cinéma Vérité

[edit]

Cinéma Vérité is a documentary film festival held in Tehran in December each year. The 2024 festival is its 18th edition.[52][53]

NAM Filmmakers' Meeting

[edit]

Iran is the current President of the Non-Aligned Movement and hosted the 16th NAM summit between 26 and 31 August 2012, after which the presidency was handed to Ahmadinejad on 1 September. The latest move by the NAM Chairman has been to organise a NAM filmmakers' meeting in order to discuss the establishment of a NAM filmmakers' union. The meeting is to be held in February 2013, concurrently with the 31st Fajr International Film Festival in Tehran.[54]

International Film Festival for Children and Youth

[edit]

The International Film Festival for Children and Youth has taken place since 1985. In its first three years, it was part of the Fajr Film Festival. From 1988 to 1989, it was located in Tehran, and since then in Isfahan, except for 1996 when it was held in Kerman. The festival features international and national film and video competitions. The top prize is called Golden Butterfly.[55]

House of Cinema Ceremony

[edit]

On September 12, the national day of Iranian cinema, a celebration is held annually by the House of Cinema. In the 2006 event, Akira Kurosawa was honored.[citation needed]

Noor Iranian Film Festival

[edit]

Founded in 2007, the Noor Iranian Film Festival is held annually in Los Angeles, California.[citation needed]

Iranian Film Festival - San Francisco

[edit]

Iranian Film Festival - San Francisco (IFF), the first independent Iranian film festival outside of Iran, launched in 2008, is an annual event showcasing independent feature and short films made by or about Iranians from around the world.[56][citation needed]

London Iranian Film Festival

[edit]
Main article: London Iranian Film Festival

is an annual, independent film festival held in London, United Kingdom.[citation needed]

Roshd International Film Festival

[edit]
Main article: Roshd International Film Festival

Roshd International Film Festival was first staged in 1963 by the Bureau of Audio-visual Activities of the Ministry of Education of Iran. It is centered on the films with educational and pedagogical themes and is staged every year by the Supplying Educational Media Center, a sub-branch of the Ministry of Education of the I.R.Iran. The Festival seeks the main objectives of identifying and selecting the best educational and pedagogical films in order to introduce them to the educational systems.[citation needed]

Persian International Film Festival

[edit]

Persian International Film Festival is an independent cultural film event, that brings together screen stories of diverse global Persian communities. Founded in 2012 by Amin Palangi, it is Located in Sydney, Australia.[citation needed]

Iranian Film Festival Zurich

[edit]

Iranian Film Festival of Zürich (IFFZ), is being organized[when?] to fulfill the cultural gap between Iranians and Swiss along with the foreigners living in Switzerland.[citation needed]

Festival of Iranian Films in Prague (ÍRÁN:CI)

[edit]
Main article: KOM:PAS

The Festival of Iranian Films in Prague, later known as ÍRÁN:CI, was a film festival held in Prague and Brno in the Czech Republic from 2012. From 2025 its focus has widened to include other regions of the world, and it is known as KOM:PAS.[57][58]

Iranian Film Festival Cologne

[edit]

Iranian film Festival is programmed to be held in the city of Cologne in Germany[when?] to represent the country Cinema industry. House of Cinema in collaboration with Cologne Municipality paved the way for holding the festival.[citation needed]

The Festival Cinema of Iran

[edit]

Iranian film festival (Cinéma d'Iran) is scheduled to kick off on June 26[when?] and will run until July 2, 2013 in Paris.[citation needed]

Houston Iranian Film Festival

[edit]

The Houston Iranian Film Festival showcases the best in new cinema from Iran. Iranian film varied by jury is, In Houston, America will be held.[citation needed]

Tehran International Animation Festival

[edit]

International Animation Festival, held in Tehran.[citation needed]

Other festivals

[edit]

Other valid festivals have included: Iran International Documentary Film Festival, Moqavemat International Film Festival, International Film Festival 100, International Urban Film Festival, International Parvin Etesami Film Festival, Jasmine International Film Festival (TJIFF), Celebration of Iran Cinematic Critics and Writers, Rouyesh Religious Short Film Festival, Iranian Youth Cinema Society, Edinburgh Iranian Festival, Iranian Film Festival (IFF), Iranian Film Festival Chandigarh, Varesh Short Film Festival, Tehran International Video Film Festival, International Festival of Independent Filmmakers, and Canada's Iranian Film Festival.[citation needed]

International recognition of Iranian cinema

[edit]

Here is a list of Grand prizes awarded to Iranian cinema by the most prestigious film festivals:[59][60] Iranian serials are very popular in the region

Cannes

[edit]
Abbas Kiarostami, the only Iranian director who has won Palme d'Or at Cannes Film Festival

First presence of Iranian cinema in Cannes dates back to 1991 when in the alleys of love by Khosrow Sinai and then 1992 when Life and nothing more by Abbas Kiarostami represented Iran in the festival.

Academy Awards (Oscars)

[edit]

Golden Globe Awards

[edit]

Venice

[edit]
Jafar Panahi is the only Iranian director who has won Golden Lion at Venice Film Festival

[68]

Sundance

[edit]
  • World Cinema Dramatic Grand Jury Prize: Massoud Bakhshi (2020)

Berlin

[edit]

Locarno

[edit]

The first film from Iranian cinema that won a prize in Locarno festival was Where Is the Friend's Home? directed by Abbas Kiarostami (1989).

London

[edit]
Bahman Ghobadi has won two Golden Shell awards at San Sebastian Film Festival

San Sebastian

[edit]
Majid Majidi has won three Grand Prix awards at Montreal World Film Festival

Montreal

[edit]

Karlovy Vary

[edit]

Mar del Plata

[edit]

Thessaloniki

[edit]
Reza Mirkarimi has won two Golden George awards at Moscow Film Festival

Moscow

[edit]

Chicago

[edit]

Shanghai

[edit]
  • Golden Goblet for the Best Film: Reza Mirkarimi (2019)
  • Golden Goblet for the Best Director: Reza Mirkarimi (2019)
  • Golden Goblet for the Best Actor: Hamed Behdad (2019)
  • Golden Goblet for the Best Film: Khosro Masumi (2004 & 2012)
  • Grand Jury Prize: Mostafa Taghizadeh (2017)[84]
  • Golden Goblet for the Best Actress: Sareh Bayat (2017)

Warsaw

[edit]
Shahab Hosseini has won two major acting awards at 69th Cannes Film Festival & 61st Berlin International Film Festival (as a member of the actors ensemble)
Parviz Parastui

Goa

[edit]

Festroia

[edit]

Rotterdam

[edit]

Busan

[edit]

Sydney

[edit]

Nantes

[edit]

Sitges

[edit]

Istanbul

[edit]
  • Golden Tulip: Saeed Ebrahimifar (1990), Jafar Panahi (1998)
  • FIPRESCI Prize: Bahman Farmanara (2001)[93]

Cairo

[edit]

Lifelong achievement Awards

[edit]
Asghar Farhadi

Bodil Awards

[edit]

Satellite Award

[edit]

César Award

[edit]

David di Donatello Award

[edit]

National Board of Review

[edit]

Censorship

[edit]
Main article: Censorship in Iran

Although the Iranian film industry is flourishing, its filmmakers have operated under censorship rules, both before and after the revolution. Some Iranian films that have been internationally acclaimed are banned in Iran itself. Conversely, some Iranian filmmakers have faced hostility in other countries.

Censorship within Iran

[edit]

Dariush Mehrjui's seminal film Gaav (The Cow, 1969) is now considered a pioneering work of the Iranian New Wave. The film was sponsored by the state, but they promptly banned it upon completion because its vision of rural life clashed with the progressive image of Iran that the Shah wished to project, while its prominence at international film festivals annoyed the regime.[98]

After the Iranian revolution, filmmakers experienced more restrictions. Since the mid-1980s, Iran's policy on film censorship has been changed in order to promote domestic film production: the strict censorship eased after December 1987. Old directors resurfaced and new ones emerged.[98] However, the application of the rules is often inconsistent. Several films have been refused release inside Iran, but have been given export permits to enter international film festivals. Even here, the censorship is inconsistent: May Lady by Rakhshan Bani-Etemad (1998) got through but her contribution to Stories of Kish (1999) did not.[99]

All of Jafar Panahi's films[100] have been banned from public theaters in Iran.[101] Offside was relegated to "a guest slot" at the International Fajr Film Festival. "It was not shown as an important film", says Panahi. "They didn't give any value to it."[101] Several of Mohsen Makhmalbaf's films are also banned in Iran. For example, Time of Love and The night of Zaiandeh-rood were banned for dealing with physical love and for raising doubts about the revolution.[102]

Tahmineh Milani

In 2001, feminist filmmaker Tahmineh Milani who made The Hidden Half was jailed because her movie was presumed anti-revolution (against the 1979 Islamic revolution). Many Iranian and international artists and filmmakers demanded her release. After 8 days of Imprisonment, Eventually President Khatami and the Minister of Culture were able to secure her release. In Nargess, Rakhshan Bani-Etemad who is a pioneer among female Iranian film directors, pushes censorship codes to the limits, questioning the morals of society, showing desperate people overwhelmed by social conditions and a couple living together without being married.[103]

Abbas Kiarostami was significantly acclaimed in Europe but the Islamic government has refused screening of his films in his own country. Kiarostami's films have been banned in his country for more than 10 years.[104] They are only accessible there through unauthorized DVDs and private screenings. Kiarostami is uncertain what the government dislikes about his films, saying "I think they don't understand my films and so they prevent them being shown just in case there is a message they don't want to get out."[1]. Despite this, Kiarostami has displayed an extraordinarily benign perspective, at least in recorded interviews: "The government is not in my way, but it is not assisting me either. We lead our separate lives."[105] Despite the censorship, Kiarostami insists on working in Iran, saying "I think I really produce my best work in Iran."[105] He believes that throughout the ages and all over the world censorship has existed in one form or another and artists have managed to live with this, saying "Today, the most important thing is that, although there is censorship, Iranian filmmakers are doing their job and they surpass the difficulties of censorship showing and discussing many things. So why ask me about what's not in the films? It has happened many times that a filmmaker hides a weakness under the excuse of censorship but difficulties have always existed in our lifestyle and our role is to surpass them."[106] The director Mohammed Rasoulof, was convicted of charges relating to state security and anti-government propaganda.[107] In 2009 and 2013 the number of political films and drama like Khers, Guidance Patrol, The Wooden Bridge, I am a Mother and Private Life (Zendegi Khosoosi) were Sanctioned.

House of Cinema temporary closure

[edit]

In September 2011, House of Cinema issued a statement in support of several filmmakers detained for contact with the BBC. They questioned the legal basis for the arrests, pointing out that the government itself has contact with international news organizations.[108] As a result, they received an official rebuke.[109][110]

In December 2011, Iran's Council of Public Culture declared its ‘House of Cinema’, the country's largest professional organisation for film makers, illegal.[111] Authorities state the organization was shut down because of secret amendments to its charter.[112] House of Cinema came under pressure when it challenged the detention of filmmakers accused of selling films to the BBC.[113]

In September 2013, House of Cinema has been reopened by the new government.[114]

Hostility outside Iran

[edit]

Given the tense relationship between Iran and the United States, Iranian filmmakers have faced hostility there, even if they have also been banned in their own country. Abbas Kiarostami was refused a visa to attend the New York Film Festival, Ohio University and Harvard University in 2002, in the wake of the September 11 attacks.[115][116][117] Festival director Richard Pena, who had invited him, said: "It's a terrible sign of what's happening in my country today that no one seems to realize or care about the kind of negative signal this sends out to the entire Muslim world".[118] Finnish film director Aki Kaurismäki boycotted the festival in protest.[119] Similarly, Bahman Ghobadi, winner of the Golden Plaque at the Chicago International Film Festival, refused to accept the prize in protest of the U.S. government's refusal to issue him a visa.[120] In 2007, Ahmed Issawi, the abashed Arab director of the New York South Asian Film Festival admitted that a conscious decision was made not to invite any Iranian filmmakers, saying "That's a territory I no longer want to tread [...] It's over. Given the whole thing with Iran—I refuse to approach it."[121]

Several other Iranian filmmakers have experienced hostilities from other countries. In November 2001 in Afghanistan, Taliban officials, who banned movies and most filmmaking, arrested three of Majid Majidi's crew members who were helping him secretly shoot Barefoot to Herat, a documentary on the country's internal refugees.[122] Samira Makhmalbaf also survived a kidnapping in Afghanistan. {West, Dennis and Makhmalbaf, Mohsen. "I Make Cinema in Order to Breathe: An Interview with Mohsen Makhmalbaf". Cinéaste. 34.4, Fall 2009: 10–15. JSTOR Web. 24 Apr. 2014}

In March 2007, a bomb explosion severely injuring several actors and crew members halted production in Afghanistan of Two Legged Horse, the film by Iranian helmer Samira Makhmalbaf. Mohsen Makhmalbaf was the target of two unsuccessful murder attempts when he shot Kandahar in Iran near the Afghan border in 2000, and his daughter Hana was twice the victim of a failed abduction attempt during the shooting of Samira's last film At Five in the Afternoon in the Afghan capital Kabul in 2002.[123]

Arresting filmmakers

[edit]

On 1 March 2010, Jafar Panahi was arrested. He was taken from his home along with his wife Tahereh Saidi, daughter Solmaz Panahi, and 15 of his friends by plain-clothes officers to Evin Prison. Most were released 48 hours later, Mohammad Rasoulof and Mehdi Pourmoussa on 17 March 2010, but Panahi remained in section 209 inside Evin Prison. Panahi's arrest was confirmed by the government, but the charges were not specified. On April 14, 2010, Iran's Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance said that Panahi was arrested because he "tried to make a documentary about the unrest that followed the disputed 2009 re-election of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad."On 18 May, Panahi sent a message to Abbas Baktiari, director of the Pouya Cultural Center, an Iranian-French cultural organization in Paris, stating that he was being mistreated in prison and his family threatened and as a result had begun a hunger strike. On 25 May, he was released on $200,000 bail while awaiting trial. On 20 December 2010, Panahi, after being convicted for "assembly and colluding with the intention to commit crimes against the country’s national security and propaganda against the Islamic Republic," the Islamic Revolutionary Court sentenced Panahi to six years imprisonment and a 20-year ban on making or directing any movies, writing screenplays, giving any form of interview with Iranian or foreign media as well as leaving the country except for Hajj holy pilgrimage to Mecca or medical treatment. Panahi's colleague, Mohammad Rasoulof also received six years imprisonment but was later reduced to one year on appeal. On October 15, 2011, a court in Tehran upheld Panahi's sentence and ban. Following the courts decision, Panahi was placed under house arrest. He has since been allowed to move more freely but he cannot travel outside Iran.[124][125]

Hossein Rajabian, an Iranian independent filmmaker, After finishing his first feature film, was arrested by Iranian security forces on 5 October 2013 outside his office [in Sari] alongside two musicians, and was transferred to Ward 2-A of Evin Prison where all three of them were held in solitary confinement for more than two months and were threatened with televised confessions. He was released on bail (around $66,000) in mid-December, pending trial. Two years later, his case was heard at Branch 28 of Tehran Revolutionary Court which was presided over by Judge Moghisseh (Summer 2015). He was sentenced to six years in prison and fines for pursuing illegal cinematic activities, launching propaganda against the establishment and hurling insults at sanctities. On appeal, his sentence was changed to three years imprisonment and three years of suspended jail and fines. Hossein Rajabian was sent to the ward 7 of Evin Prison in Tehran. After spending one third of his total period of imprisonment (that is 11 months), he went on hunger strike to protest against unjust trial, lack of medical facilities, and transfer of his brother to another ward called section 8 of the same prison. During the first hunger strike period, which lasted 14 days, he was transferred to hospital because of pulmonary infection and he could not continue his hunger strike because of the interference of the representative of the prosecutor who was sent as an intermediary. After some time, he sent an open letter to the judicial authorities of Iran and went again on strike which brought him the supports of international artists. After 36 days of hunger strike, he could convince the judicial authorities of Iran to review his case and grant him medical leave for the treatment of his left kidney suffered from infections and blood arising out of hunger strike. He, after a contentious struggle with the judicial officer of the prison was sent to the ward 8 for punishment.[126][127][128][129][130]

Cinemapeople in the Iranian diaspora

[edit]

Cinemapeople in the Iranian diaspora, such as Shohreh Aghdashloo, Zuleikha Robinson, Nadia Bjorlin, Shirin Neshat, Adrian Pasdar, Amir Mokri, Bahar Soomekh, Amir Talai, Catherine Bell, Nazanin Boniadi, Samira Makhmalbaf, Freema Agyeman, Sarah Shahi, Hughes brothers, Nasim Pedrad, Daryush Shokof, Bijan Daneshmand and Farhad Safinia are also popular.

Film institutes in Iran

[edit]

Several institutes, both government run and private, provide formal education in various aspects of filmmaking. Some of the prominent ones include: Farabi Cinema Foundation, Hedayat Film Co, Sourehcinema, Documentary & Experimental Film Center, Filmiran, Kanoon Iran Novin, Boshra Film, Bamdad Film, TDH Film, Hilaj Film, Tgpco, Karname, Rasaneha, Nama Film company, AvinyFilm, 7spfs and Honar Aval.

Iranian film critics

[edit]

Most famous of them like: Houshang Golmakani, Fereydoun Jeyrani, Parviz Davaei, Massoud Farasati, Abbas Baharloo, Hamid Reza Sadr, Cyrus Ghani, Javad Toosi, Negar Mottahedeh, Ahmad Talebinejad, Mohammad Tahami Nezhad, Ali Moallem and Parviz Nouri, behrouz sebt rasoul

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cinema of Iran.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Arbabi, Mahmoud. "شناسنامه سینماهای کشور در سال 97". Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  2. ^ Salehi Amiri, Reza. "سالانه 200 فیلم در ایران ساخته می‌شود". ILNA. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  3. ^ a b "Ershad content" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-09-29. Retrieved 2019-09-29.
  4. ^ a b "The Iranian Cinema". Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  5. ^ "History of Iran Cinema". fotros.com. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  6. ^ "Abbas Kiarostami: Articles & Interviews". 20 August 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-08-20. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  7. ^ "The Iranian Cinema: A Dream With No Awakening". Archived from the original on 2006-10-21. Retrieved 2006-03-26.
  8. ^ Honour, Hugh and John Fleming, The Visual Arts: A History. New Jersey, Prentice Hall Inc, 1992. Page: 96.
  9. ^ a b c d "Iranian Cinema: Before the Revolution". offscreen.com. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  10. ^ M. Ali Issari, Cinema in Iran: 1900–1979 pages 40–67.
  11. ^ Riasaty, Ali. "Cinema and Iran's Sociopolitical changes; from its inception to the end of 2001" (PDF). Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research. Oct-Dec 2018-Vol 8-Issue S2: 73–79.
  12. ^ a b "The history of Iranian cinema, Part I by Masoud Mehrabi". Archived from the original on 2018-06-23. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
  13. ^ M. A Issari, Cinema in Iran, page 96.
  14. ^ Omid, Jamal. The History of Iranian Cinema 1900–1978. Tehran: Rozaneh Publication, 1995, 1174 pgs (Persian).
  15. ^ "BBCPersian.com". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  16. ^ a b Thompson, Kristin; Bordwell, David (2010). Film History: An Introduction (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 608. ISBN 978-0-07-338613-3.
  17. ^ "Kiarostami Will Carry Us; The Iranian Master Gives Hope". Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  18. ^ "BBCPersian.com". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  19. ^ "Iran films return to Berlin festival". 18 February 2006. Retrieved 4 December 2022 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  20. ^ "Kurdish Cinema Really Started out with Yilmaz Güney"
  21. ^ Thompson, Kristin (2003). Film History: An Introduction. New York, NY: McGraw Hill. pp. 670–71. ISBN 0-07-038429-0.
  22. ^ a b Qantara.de also it might help them - - Iranian Cinema - Beyond Festival Films
  23. ^ "Yahoo! Movies: Movie News". Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  24. ^ "BBCPersian.com". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  25. ^ "BBCPersian.com". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  26. ^ "BBCPersian.com". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  27. ^ BBC News. (2000). "Iranian 'King of Hearts' dies". BBC News. Retrieved November 8, 2006.
  28. ^ "Features, Fardin, Farzan Navab". The Iranian. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  29. ^ Offscreen of Iran http://www.offscreen.com/biblio/essays/women_of_iran/title=Women of Iran. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  30. ^ "Ahmadinejad turns down chance to star in Oliver Stone film", The Guardian, July 2, 2007.
  31. ^ "Sixteen foreign films to compete at Fajr Festival". www.payvand.com. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  32. ^ Iran Daily - Arts & Culture - 12/13/06
  33. ^ a b "No more 'feminist' or pro-US films in Iran!". Archived from the original on 2007-04-06. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
  34. ^ Eric Henderson (February 22, 2005). "The House is Black". Slant. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
  35. ^ "Al-Ahram Weekly | People | Limelight". Archived from the original on 2008-04-15. Retrieved 2016-09-04.
  36. ^ a b "The New Wave in Iranian Cinema - From Past to Present". www.parstimes.com. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  37. ^ "Abbas Kiarostami ? The Truth Behind Reality". Archived from the original on 2007-09-12. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
  38. ^ a b "hkw.de | The House of World Cultures | Rose Issa". archiv.hkw.de. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  39. ^ "Rising talent on Iranian Scene". Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  40. ^ "To Kiarostami or Not To Kiarostami". Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  41. ^ "Iranian women tell their own story". BBC News. May 4, 2001. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
  42. ^ "Tehran Avenue | Film | War Cinema and Two New Iranian Films". Archived from the original on 2006-11-19. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
  43. ^ "BBCPersian.com". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  44. ^ "First Animation of the World Found In Burnt City". www.payvand.com. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  45. ^ "Tehran International Animation Festival (2nd Festival 2001)". Archived from the original on 2007-05-16. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
  46. ^ Mazda Moradabbasi,Don't Miss Your Dreams : Analysis of Mohammad Ali Talebi's Children and Youth Film, Teheran: Farabi Cinematic Foundation, 2012.
  47. ^ Panps Kotzathanasis, “Interview with Mohammad-Ali Talebi: You can still see works of quality coming out, but I feel these are the last attempts of an era that is vanishing”, Asian Movie Pulse, June 27, 2019.
  48. ^ a b c "The Modern Magazine for Persian Celebrations, Cuisine, Culture & Community". Archived from the original on 2007-04-30. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
  49. ^ "Iran Chamber Society: Music of Iran: Film Music In Iranian Cinema". www.iranchamber.com. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  50. ^ a b "Massoud Mehrabi - Articles". www.massoudmehrabi.com. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  51. ^ "Fajr Film Festival on IMDb". IMDb. Archived from the original on 2009-03-14. Retrieved 2018-06-30.
  52. ^ "Iran International Documentary Film Festival, Cinema Verite". FilmFreeway. 11 June 2024. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  53. ^ "Cinéma Vérité sees participation from 123 countries". Tehran Times. 27 September 2024. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  54. ^ "Iran plans to organize NAM filmmakers’ meeting", Mehr News, 9 December 2012
  55. ^ "پایگاه اطلاع‌رسانی رسمی جشنواره بین‌المللی فیلم‌های کودکان و نوجوانان". Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  56. ^ Website
  57. ^ "KOM:PAS Film Festival". FilmFreeway. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  58. ^ "About Us". KOM:PAS. 9 September 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  59. ^ "Film Festival Guide". 10 May 2005. Retrieved 4 December 2022 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  60. ^ Locarno festival ranked 4th after Cannes, Venice and Berlin
  61. ^ "Cannes Film Festival (2015)". IMDb. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  62. ^ "Cannes Film Festival (2017)". IMDb. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  63. ^ "Meet 2022 Student Academy Awards Finalists".
  64. ^ "2024 Oscars Short Film Contenders: 'Our Uniform' Director Yegane Moghaddam". 5 September 2023.
  65. ^ "Biennale Cinema 2017 | Official Awards of the 74th Venice Film Festival". La Biennale di Venezia. 9 September 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  66. ^ "Raye makhfi - IMDb". Retrieved 4 December 2022 – via www.imdb.com.
  67. ^ "Marzieh Makhmalbaf". IMDb. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  68. ^ "Sohrab Shahid Saless". IMDb. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  69. ^ Lattanzio, Samantha Bergeson,Ryan; Bergeson, Samantha; Lattanzio, Ryan (2024-01-26). "'In the Summers' Wins Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize and Directing Award (Full List)". IndieWire. Retrieved 2024-08-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  70. ^ "26th Berlin International Film Festival Awards". Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  71. ^ "Tabiate bijan - IMDb". Retrieved 4 December 2022 – via www.imdb.com.
  72. ^ "Dar Ghorbat - IMDb". Retrieved 4 December 2022 – via www.imdb.com.
  73. ^ a b "Locarno Film Festival". Locarno Film Festival. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  74. ^ "San Sebastian Film Festival". sansebastianfestival. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  75. ^ "Khosrow Sinai". IMDb. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  76. ^ "58th TIFF: The Awards". Thessaloniki Film Festival. 12 November 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  77. ^ "23rd Moscow Film Festival winners announced". Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  78. ^ "24th Moscow Film Festival winners announced". Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  79. ^ 41 MIFF Prizes
  80. ^ VB, Andy (1 November 2016). "52nd Festival: Award Winners". Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  81. ^ VB, Andy (22 October 2017). "53rd Festival Award-Winning Films". Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  82. ^ "Arash T. Riahi won the Silver Hugo". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-12-23.
  83. ^ "Chicago International Film Festival (2013)". IMDb. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  84. ^ "20th SIFF Golden Goblet Awards". Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  85. ^ "32nd Warsaw Film Festival winners announced". Archived from the original on 2017-01-16. Retrieved 2016-12-23.
  86. ^ "Nantes Three Continents Festival (1993)". IMDb. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  87. ^ "Nantes Three Continents Festival (2000)". IMDb. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  88. ^ "Nantes Three Continents Festival (1992)". IMDb. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  89. ^ "Nantes Three Continents Festival (2006)". IMDb. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  90. ^ "Niki Karimi". IMDb. Retrieved 2022-06-16.
  91. ^ "Nantes Three Continents Festival (2004)". IMDb. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  92. ^ "The Pig - IMDb". Retrieved 4 December 2022 – via www.imdb.com.
  93. ^ "Istanbul International Film Festival (2001)". IMDb. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  94. ^ "Cairo International Film Festival (2014)". IMDb. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  95. ^ "Cairo International Film Festival (1999)". IMDb. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  96. ^ "Cairo International Film Festival (2001)". IMDb. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  97. ^ "Cairo International Film Festival (2002)". IMDb. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  98. ^ a b Steve Nottingham: Early Soviet Cinema Archived October 15, 2004, at the Wayback Machine
  99. ^ "The new Iranian Cinema". Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  100. ^ "Blowing The Whistle | TIME". 20 March 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-03-20. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  101. ^ a b Farouky, Jumana (May 21, 2006). "Blowing The Whistle". Time. Archived from the original on March 20, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
  102. ^ "Iran Chamber Society: Iranian Cinema: Mohsen Makhmalbaf". www.iranchamber.com. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  103. ^ "Filmfestival". Archived from the original on 2007-04-03. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  104. ^ "Iran unyielding over director ban". BBC News. April 28, 2005. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
  105. ^ a b Jeffries, Stuart (April 16, 2005). "Landscapes of the mind". The Guardian. London. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
  106. ^ Al-Ahram Weekly | Culture | Strategic lies Archived February 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  107. ^ "Iran: 'We are ordered to crush you': Expanding repression of dissent in Iran".
  108. ^ "Statement of the Association of Film Trades on the detained documentary Filmmakers" Archived 2012-01-03 at the Wayback Machine, House of Cinema, September 2011
  109. ^ "The Latest from Iran (28 September): And Now to the Real News...." Enduring America
  110. ^ "علامت سئوال جدی درباره قانونی بودن تشکل خانه سینما وجود دارد" "Mehr News" 28 September 2011
  111. ^ "House of Cinema Declared Illegal", Iran Daily Brief, 29 December 2011
  112. ^ "DEC - Iran's House of Cinema Declared Illegal" Archived 2013-05-14 at the Wayback Machine, "Arseh Sevom, Peace, Democracy, Human Rights", 28 December 2011
  113. ^ "DEC - Iran's House of Cinema Declared Illegal" Archived 2013-05-14 at the Wayback Machine, "Arseh Sevom Peace, Democracy, Human Rights", 28 December 2011
  114. ^ "Iranian House of Cinema to reopen today - Tehran Times". Archived from the original on 2013-12-18. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
  115. ^ Andrew O'Hehir (2002). "Iran's leading filmmaker denied U.S. visa". Salon.com. Archived from the original on 2007-02-17. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  116. ^ "Iranian director hands back award". BBC. October 17, 2002. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  117. ^ Jacques Mandelbaum (2002). "No entry for Kiarostami". Le Monde. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  118. ^ Stuart Jeffries (2005). "Abbas Kiarostami - Not A Martyr". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  119. ^ Celestine Bohlen (2002). "Abbas Kiarostami Controversy at the 40th NYFF". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  120. ^ "Gomgashtei dar Aragh - IMDb". Retrieved 4 December 2022 – via www.imdb.com.
  121. ^ Pal, Amitabh (8 March 2007). "U.S. Visa Policy Inhumane and Counterproductive". Progressive.org. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  122. ^ Curiel, Jonathan (July 9, 2002). "Iranian filmmaker stays true to his social conscience / New 'Baran' shows the miserable plight of Afghan refugees". The San Francisco Chronicle.
  123. ^ "Bomber targets Makhmalbaf". Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  124. ^ Fathi, Nazila (2010-03-02). "Iran Arrests Filmmaker Who Backed Opposition". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-08-20.
  125. ^ AFP (2011-10-15). "Iranian court upholds sentence against filmmaker Jafar Panahi". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2017-08-20.
  126. ^ "Urgent Action Update: Gravely Ill Musician Returned To Prison (Iran: UA 41/16) – Amnesty International USA". Amnesty International USA. Retrieved 2017-08-20.
  127. ^ "Artists Sentenced to Prison". IranWire | خانه. Archived from the original on 2016-03-19. Retrieved 2017-08-20.
  128. ^ "Artsfreedom". Artsfreedom. Retrieved 2017-08-20.
  129. ^ correspondent, Saeed Kamali Dehghan Iran (2016-12-01). "Iranian musician hospitalised after one-month hunger strike". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-08-20. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  130. ^ "Gravely Ill Iranian Musician Returned to Prison: Amnesty Japan". Amnesty Japan. Archived from the original on 2017-01-20. Retrieved 2017-08-20.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Carlo Celli. “The Iranian Divide” National Identity in Global Cinema: How Movies Explain the World. Palgrave MacMillan 2013, 71-82.
  • Umid, Jamal, Tarikh-i sinima-yi Iran : 1279-1357 / Jamal Umid = [The history of Iranian cinema] : [1900-1978] / [Jamal Omid] 1175 pages. Illustrated. Press:Teheran Rawzanah. Year:1374[1995]. Language:Persian.
  • Displaced Allegories: Post-Revolutionary Iranian Cinema (Duke University Press, 2008). ISBN 978-0-8223-4275-5
  • Hamid Dabashi, Close Up: Iranian Cinema, Past, Present, and Future, 320 p. (Verso, London, 2001). ISBN 1-85984-332-8
  • Hamid Dabashi, Masters & Masterpieces of Iranian Cinema, 451 p. (Mage Publishers, Washington, D.C., 2007) ISBN 0-934211-85-X
  • Gönül Dönmez-Colin, Cinemas of the Other, Intellect (April, 2006) ISBN 978-1-84150-143-7
  • Hamid Reza Sadr, Iranian Cinema: A Political History, I.B.Tauris (2006). ISBN 978-1-84511-146-5
  • Najmeh Khalili Mahani, Women of Iranian Popular Cinema: Projection of Progress, Offscreen, Vol. 10, Issue 7, July 31, 2006, [2].
  • Hester, Elizabeth J. "Cinema in Iran: A Selective Annotated Bibliography of Dissertations and Theses" ISBN 978-1493505494.
  • K. Talattof & A.A. Seyed-Gohrab (eds.), Conflict and Development in Iranian Film (Leiden: Leiden University Press, 2013). ISBN 978-908-72-8169-4
  • Hamid Naficy (2011). A Social History of Iranian Cinema: Volume 1: The Artisanal Era. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822347750.
  • Hamid Naficy (2011). A Social History of Iranian Cinema: Volume 2: The Industrializing Years, 1941–1978. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822347743.
  • Hamid Naficy (2012). A Social History of Iranian Cinema: Volume 3: The Islamicate Period, 1978–1984. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822348771.
  • Hamid Naficy (2012). A Social History of Iranian Cinema: Volume 4: The Globalizing Era, 1984–2010. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822348788.
  • Pak-Shiraz, N. (2013). Imagining the Diaspora in the New Millennium Comedies of Iranian Cinema. Iranian Studies, 46(2), 165–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2012.758477
  • Pak-Shiraz, N. (2011). Shi'i Islam in Iranian Cinema: Religion and Spirituality in Film. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784539450
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Iran&oldid=1252920386"