Cadillac Fleetwood
| Cadillac Fleetwood | |
|---|---|
 1994 Cadillac Fleetwood | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | General Motors |
| Production | 1976–1996 |
| Model years | 1977–1996 |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Full-size luxury car |
| Layout | Transverse front-engine, front-wheel drive (1985–1992) FR layout (1993–1996) |
| Chronology | |
| Successor | Cadillac CT6[citation needed] |
The Cadillac Fleetwood is a full-size luxury sedan marketed by Cadillac from the 1976 through 1996 model years. Taking its nameplate from a coachbuilder historically associated with the General Motors division, the Cadillac Fleetwood became a stand-alone model line in 1985.
The first generation of the Fleetwood was introduced as Cadillac converted its C-body platform to front-wheel drive. Serving between the Sedan deVille and the Sixty Special in the front-wheel drive Cadillac line, the Fleetwood also filled the gap between the deVille and the rear-wheel drive Fleetwood Brougham (renamed Cadillac Brougham from 1987 until 1992). The second generation moved to the D-body platform, replacing the Brougham. The Fleetwood Brougham became a trim option.
After the 1996 model year, Cadillac discontinued the Fleetwood line as GM ended production of full-size sedan lines in North America. General Motors consolidated Cadillac's large sedan lines into the deVille series and later as the Cadillac DTS.
History of nameplate
[edit]Background (1916–1924)
[edit]
Lawrence P. Fisher was one of the seven brothers most closely involved with Cadillac in its early years. In 1916, he joined the Fisher Body Company, which had been formed by two of his brothers in 1908. Larry (as people knew him) was instrumental among the Fisher brothers in bringing the Fisher enterprise under the General Motors umbrella in 1919. In May 1925, Alfred P. Sloan, then the head of General Motors, appointed Fisher as Cadillac General Manager, an office he retained through 1934. Fisher immediately went to work adding exclusive, custom bodies to the Cadillac range. Thus, he oversaw the purchase of the Fleetwood Metal Body Company by Fisher in September 1925.[1]
The Fleetwood Body Company of Fleetwood, Pennsylvania, was founded by Harry Urich in the nineteenth century. It began as a small community of craftsmen founded by Henry Fleetwood, Esq. of Penwortham, near Lancaster, England (the Fleetwood family flourished in England in the 17th and 18th centuries). The traditions of 300 years of coach-building that Fleetwood applied to its work on cars secured it a high reputation in automobile circles worldwide by the 1920s.[1] Coachwork was built by Fleetwood for various other luxury makes through 1924.
After the Fisher Body Corporation purchased the Fleetwood Body Company in 1925, Fleetwood bodies were reserved exclusively for Cadillac. By 1929, GM had purchased the remaining shares of Fisher to became the sole owner of both companies.[1] From 1927 through 1934, all Cadillac series offered Fleetwood bodies as an option.[2][3]
Fleetwood-bodied Cadillacs (1935-1985)
[edit]After 1934, Cadillac became more selective in offering Fleetwood bodies for its chassis. By 1938, the only way to obtain a Fleetwood-bodied car was by buying a Cadillac Series 75 or 90, as even the Cadillac Sixty Special had a Fisher body in its inaugural year. The Fleetwood script and crest would not be on the exterior of any Cadillac until the 1947 model year when it appeared on the rear deck lid of the Sixty Special. By 1952, it also appeared on the rear deck lid of the Series 75. In 1957, the Cadillac Series 70 Eldorado Brougham joined the Sixty Special and the Series 75 as the only Cadillac models with Fleetwood bodies, although Fleetwood script or crests did not appear anywhere on the exterior of the car.[4] This was the first time in 20 years that a Fleetwood bodied car was paired with the Brougham name.[2][3][5]
The Eldorado Brougham featured Fleetwood branded wheel discs and doorsill moldings when production was shifted in 1959 from the Cadillac Fleetwood plant in Detroit to Pininfarina in Turin, Italy.[6][7] The identification was included presumably because of the design work since the final details for the car were still being done by Fleetwood.[7][8]
Production of the Eldorado Brougham ended in 1961, but in 1963 the Eldorado Biarritz became Fleetwood bodied and acquired Fleetwood crests on its rear quarters and rocker panel moldings.[9][8] The 1963 Eldorado Biarritz was also the first Fleetwood bodied convertible since the Cadillac Series 75 stopped offering four-door and two-door convertible body styles and production of the Cadillac Series 90 ceased in 1941.[2][3][5]
In 1965, the Eldorado, Sixty Special, and Series 75 models were designated as Fleetwood "subseries", and this would continue through the 1972 model year. During this period, there was not a separate Fleetwood series.[5] However, Fleetwood became a much more integral part of a Cadillac series name in 1977 with the introduction of the Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham and the Cadillac Fleetwood Limousine, which replaced the Fleetwood Sixty Special Brougham and the Fleetwood 75 respectively. In 1985, Fleetwood became a separate series.[3][10]
Front-wheel drive (C-body; 1985–1992)
[edit]| First generation | |
|---|---|
 1987 Cadillac Fleetwood d'Elegance | |
| Overview | |
| Model years | 1985–1992 |
| Assembly | Lake Orion, Michigan, U.S. (Orion Assembly) |
| Designer | Irv Rybicki |
| Body and chassis | |
| Body style | 4-door sedan 2-door coupe |
| Layout | Transverse front-engine, front-wheel drive |
| Platform | C-body |
| Related | Cadillac Sixty Special Cadillac DeVille Buick Electra Buick Park Avenue Oldsmobile 98 |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | |
| Transmission | 4-speed TH-440-T4 automatic 4-speed 4T60 automatic 4-speed 4T60E automatic |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 1985–88: 110.8 in (2,814 mm) 1989–92 2-doors: 110.8 in (2,814 mm) 1989–92 4-doors:113.8 in (2,891 mm) |
| Length | 1985–86: 195.0 in (4,953 mm) 1987–88: 196.5 in (4,991 mm) 1989 2-door: 202.3 in (5,138 mm) 1989 4-door: 205.3 in (5,215 mm) 1990 2-door: 202.7 in (5,149 mm) 1991–92 2-door: 202.6 in (5,146 mm) 1990–92 4-door: 205.6 in (5,222 mm) |
| Width | 1985–88: 71.7 in (1,821 mm) 1989: 72.5 in (1,842 mm) 1990: 71.7 in (1,821 mm) 1991–92: 73.4 in (1,864 mm) |
| Height | 1985–89: 55.0 in (1,397 mm) 1990–92 2-door: 54.9 in (1,394 mm) 1990–92 4-door: 55.2 in (1,402 mm) |
| Curb weight | 3,500–3,900 lb (1,588–1,769 kg) |
.JPG)
In 1985, Fleetwood models used a new front wheel drive C-body platform, sharing the 110.8 inches (2,810 mm) wheelbase with GM's other C-body cars, the DeVille, Buick Electra, and Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight.[11] The Fleetwood Brougham continued to use the RWD platform, (which was redesignated as "D-body" for 1985) through 1986.
As had been the case since the 1977 model year, there were little more than trim differences between the Fleetwood and the DeVille. For 1985, the Fleetwood was actually a de Ville trim option, rather than a separate model. The optional d'Elegance package, added tufted-button seating among other niceties for the FWD Fleetwood sedan. The Fleetwood coupe had been dropped after the 1986 model year, but returned in 1989. The Fleetwood coupe for 1989 - 1992 was not popular with model year production in 1989: 4,108, 1990: 2,438, 1991: 894, and for 1992: a mere 443.
Cadillac offered the Fleetwood Sixty Special for model years 1987–1988, using a stretched 115.8 inches (2,940 mm) version of the new C-body platform — as well as the Fleetwood Series 75 for model years 1985–1987, using a 134.4 inches (3,410 mm) stretched version of the same platform. The aluminum 4.1 L HT-4100 V8 was replaced by the 4.5 L HT-4500 for 1988. The engine displacement was increased for 1991 to the 4.9 L HT-4900.
The Fleetwood line was redesigned for the 1989 model year to include skirted rear wheels. The Fleetwood coupe remained on the 110.8 in (2,810 mm) wheelbase, while the sedan's wheelbase increased by 3 inches (76 millimetres). The slightly revised Fleetwood coupe, with extended front and rear styling, was sold from 1989 and ended in 1992.
Power was increased to 180 hp (134 kW) from the same 4.5 L engine for 1990 through the use of a dual-stage intake manifold and other changes. It was replaced by the 200 hp (149 kW) 4.9 L HT-4900 for 1991.
The Fleetwood nameplate departed the front-drive lineup for 1993 (as Fleetwood was transferred to the new rear-drive replacement for the 1992 Brougham). Instead, the Sixty Special nameplate was used on the front-wheel drive model for 1993. A total of 5,292 Sixty Specials were built during 1993, including 688 with the optional "Ultra" Package that featured 22-way adjustable front seats, designed in Italy by Giorgetto Giugiaro. This seating package had been standard on the Sixty Special since 1989, but in 1993, it became a $3,550 option. While it was based upon the DeVille, the Sixty Special included eleven items as standard equipment, while those eleven items were optional at extra cost on DeVilles. There were options for the Sixty Special, that were unavailable on the DeVille, such as "Memory Seat" for the driver with two recall settings, an "Exit" button" when pushed automatically powered the driver seat all the way rearward, and dual front seat power recliners.
Both the Fleetwood and DeVille were coded as C-bodies in the fourth digit of the VIN. The fifth digit coded the DeVille as "D" (with the later Touring Sedan becoming "T"), the Fleetwood as "B", and the Fleetwood Sixty Special as "S". The Sixty Special became the "G" code for 1991, and switched back to "B" for its 1993 run.
Transmissions included the THM440 T4 (1985–1986), the 4T60 (1987–1989), and the 4T60E (1990–1993).
| Displacement | Power at rpm | Torque at rpm |
|---|---|---|
| 249.4 cu in (4,087 cc) HT-4100 V8[12] | 125 hp (93 kW) at 4200 | 190 lb⋅ft (258 N⋅m) at 2200 |
| 272.6 cu in (4,467 cc) HT-4500 V8 | 155 hp (116 kW) | |
| 272.6 cu in (4,467 cc) HT-4500 V8 | 180 hp (134 kW) | |
| 298.6 cu in (4,893 cc) HT-4900 V8 | 200 hp (149 kW) | 275 lb⋅ft (373 N⋅m) |
| 262.5 cu in (4,302 cc) LS2 V6 | 85 hp (63 kW) at 3600 | 165 lb⋅ft (224 N⋅m) at 1600 |
Rear-wheel drive (D-body; 1993–1996)
[edit]| Second generation | |
|---|---|
 1993–1994 Cadillac Fleetwood Sedan | |
| Overview | |
| Model years | 1993–1996 |
| Assembly | Arlington, Texas, U.S. (Arlington Assembly) |
| Designer | Chuck Jordan |
| Body and chassis | |
| Body style | 4-door sedan |
| Layout | FR layout |
| Platform | D-body |
| Related | Buick Roadmaster Chevrolet Caprice Chevrolet Impala SS Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 5.7 L L05 V8 5.7 L LT1 V8[13] |
| Transmission | 4-speed 4L60 automatic 4-speed 4L60E automatic |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 121.5 in (3,086 mm) |
| Length | 225.0 in (5,715 mm) |
| Width | 78.0 in (1,981 mm) |
| Height | 57.1 in (1,450 mm) |
| Curb weight | 4,600–4,700 lb (2,087–2,132 kg) |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Cadillac Brougham |
For 1993, the Fleetwood model moved from the de Ville's front wheel drive C-body to the newly revised rear wheel drive D-body, used previously by the Cadillac Brougham. It was the first American vehicle to go from rear-wheel-drive to front-wheel drive vehicle then back to rear-wheel drive. At 225 inches (5,700 mm) overall, the Fleetwood was, at the time, the longest production car made in the United States.[14] All Fleetwoods except for the commercial chassis had standard antilock brakes, traction control, and dual front airbags. In 1994, Cadillac used the Corvette-derived LT1[15] 350 cu in (5.7 L) engine rated at 260 hp (194 kW) along with the new 4L60E automatic transmission.[13] Between 1993 and 1996, the Fleetwood commercial chassis was used instead of the de Ville for most funeral coaches and limousines produced during these years. The de Ville was used again in 1997, after production of the Fleetwood ceased. After 1996, the Cadillac Fleetwood was retired by General Motors along with all other rear-wheel drive sedans, and the assembly plant was converted to truck production for the Chevrolet Suburban and Tahoe because of the increasing demand for SUVs.[14]
In 1993, after president Bill Clinton took office, a then brand-new 1993 Fleetwood would become his state car that he would use throughout his term until 2001, and only the second Cadillac since Ronald Reagan's 1983 Fleetwood. This would also prove to be the last presidential car based on a regular production passenger car, as in 2001, the de Ville was not regarded as suitable for conversion, so its successors have instead been built on the GM's SUV chassis. After Clinton left office, the car eventually was displayed at the Clinton Presidential Center in Little Rock, Arkansas, with its doors closed to the public per the Secret Service regulations, to prevent third parties from learning about the car's protection and security features.[16] The car also featured communication devices such as phones, satellite communications and even the Internet.[17]
The Brougham option package included a full vinyl top, C-pillar badging, specific seat design with six-way driver's seat memory, and heated three-position lumbar front seats, instrument panel badging, rear-seat vanity mirrors, and rear-seat storage armrest. The full vinyl top could be deleted from the package, and the seats could be upholstered in either Prestwick Cloth or leather.
Other options included a CD player, a full-size spare tire, a sliding glass moonroof (dubbed "Astro roof"), chrome wheels, a security package, and an automatically dimming rear-view mirror.
The 7,000 lb (3,200 kg) trailer towing package was made available 1993, a return to production sedan since the 1971–1976 Cadillac Sixty Special.[citation needed] The RPO V4P package included heavy-duty cooling (RPO V08, which consisted of a seven-blade mechanical primary fan, a heavy-duty electrical secondary fan, and an extra capacity radiator), RPO FE2 Suspension System Ride Handling, HD 4L60 transmission, RPO KC4 Cooling System Engine Oil, RPO KD1 Cooling System Transmission Oil, RPO KG9 140 amp alternator, and RPO GT4 3.73 gears with an 8.5-inch ring gear. In 1994–1996, the V4P package was revised with RPO GU6 3.42 gears with the new more powerful RPO LT1 260 hp (194 kW) V8, and HD 4L60E transmission with revised accumulators to shift smoother with the shorter rear axle gearing. Transmissions included the 4L60 (1993) and 4L60E (1994-1996).
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References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Cadillac Terms and Definitions D - G". cadillacdatabase.net. Archived from the original on 2012-01-11. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
- ^ a b c Kimes, Beverly (1996). Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1942. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-428-4.
- ^ a b c d Gunnell, John (2005). Standard Catalog of Cadillac 1903-2005. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87349-289-7.
- ^ "Mark II Meets Eldorado Brougham". Special Interest Autos. No. 2. November–December 1970.
- ^ a b c Kowalke, Ron (1997). Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946-1975. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-521-3.
- ^ "1957-1960 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham - page 5". auto.howstuffworks.com. Archived from the original on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
- ^ a b "1957-1960 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham - page 6". auto.howstuffworks.com. Archived from the original on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
- ^ a b Bonsall, Thomas (2003). The Cadillac Story. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4942-6.
- ^ "Cadillac photos - 1963". cadillacdatabase.net. Archived from the original on 2012-05-15. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
- ^ Flammang, James (1999). Standard Catalog of American Cars 1976-1999. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-755-0.
- ^ Sihvonen, Jukka (1985-03-19). "Luksusmatka menneisyyteen" [A luxury trip into the past]. Tekniikan Maailma (in Finnish). Vol. 41, no. 5/85. Helsinki: TM-Julkaisu. p. 70. ISSN 0355-4287.
- ^ Sihvonen, p. 71
- ^ a b Haukap, Anthony. "1993-96 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham". Archived from the original on 2012-08-20. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
- ^ a b "1990-1999 Cadillac - The Cadillac Brougham and Fleetwood of the 1990s". auto.howstuffworks.com. March 28, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
- ^ Russ, Carey; Russ, Bill. "1996 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham". The Auto Channel. Retrieved 2024-07-21.
- ^ "Cadillac testing new Obama limo - The Boston Globe". 2010-08-17. Archived from the original on 2010-08-17. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- ^ "Obama's wheels: Secret Service to unveil new presidential limo". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- ^ The Encyclopedia of American Cars, 2006 Edition
- St. Antoine, Arthur (April 1989). "Cadillac Fleetwood Road Test". Car and Driver. Vol. 34, no. 10. pp. 55–61.
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