Affluenza
Affluenza describes the psychological and social effects of affluence. It is a portmanteau of affluence and influenza, and is used most commonly by critics of consumerism. Some psychologists consider it to be a pseudo-scientific term,[1] however the word continues to be used in scientific literature.[2]
History
[edit]The word is thought to have been first used in 1906,[3] but was popularized in 1997 with a PBS documentary of the same name[4] and the subsequent book Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic (2001, revised in 2005, 2014). These works define affluenza as "a painful, contagious, socially transmitted condition of overload, debt, anxiety, and waste resulting from the dogged pursuit of more". A more informal definition of the term would describe it as "a quasi-illness caused by guilt for one's own socio-economic superiority".[5] The term "affluenza" has also been used to refer to an inability to understand the consequences of one's actions because of financial privilege.
The term "affluenza" was re-popularized in 2013 with the arrest of Ethan Couch, a wealthy Texas teen, for driving while intoxicated and killing four pedestrians and injuring several others. Testimony from a psychologist in court referred to Couch as having a case of affluenza, sparking a media frenzy and victim family outrage. The psychologist testified during the sentencing phase as a part of mitigation of penalty, not, as was reported, as a defence to the charge at trial.[citation needed]
Theory
[edit]In 2007 British pop psychologist Oliver James asserted that there was a correlation between the increasing occurrence of affluenza and the resulting increase in material inequality: the more unequal a society, the greater the unhappiness of its citizens.[6] Referring to Vance Packard's thesis The Hidden Persuaders on the manipulative methods used by the advertising industry, James related the stimulation of artificial needs to the rise in affluenza. To highlight the spread of affluenza in societies with varied levels of inequality, James interviewed people in several cities including Sydney, Singapore, Auckland, Moscow, Shanghai, Copenhagen and New York.
In 2008 James wrote that higher rates of mental disorders were the consequence of excessive wealth-seeking in consumerist nations.[7] In a graph created from multiple data sources, James plotted "Prevalence of any emotional distress" and "Income inequality", attempting to show that English-speaking nations have nearly twice as much emotional distress as mainland Europe and Japan: 21.6 percent vs 11.5 percent.[8] James defined affluenza as "placing a high value on money, possessions, appearances (physical and social) and fame", which was the rationale behind the increasing mental illness in English-speaking societies. He explained the greater incidence of affluenza as the result of 'selfish capitalism', the market liberal political governance found in English-speaking nations as compared to the less selfish capitalism pursued in mainland Europe. James asserted that societies can remove the negative consumerist effects by pursuing real needs over perceived wants, and by defining themselves as having value independent of their material possessions.[citation needed]
Clive Hamilton and Richard Denniss's book, Affluenza: When Too Much is Never Enough, poses the question: "If the economy has been doing so well, why are we not becoming happier?"[9]: vii They argue that affluenza causes overconsumption, "luxury fever", consumer debt, overwork, waste, and harm to the environment. These pressures lead to "psychological disorders, alienation and distress",[9]: 179 causing people to "self-medicate with mood-altering drugs and excessive alcohol consumption".[9]: 180
They note that a number of Australians have reacted by "downshifting"—they decided to "reduce their incomes and place family, friends and contentment above money in determining their life goals". Their critique leads them to identify the need for an "alternative political philosophy", and the book concludes with a "political manifesto for wellbeing".[10]
See also
[edit]- Affluenza (film) – 2014 film by Kevin Asch
- Conspicuous consumption – Concept in sociology and economy
- Diseases of affluence – Health conditions thought to be a result of increasing wealth in society
- Escape from Affluenza – 1998 film
- Lifestyle disease – Diseases linked with the way people live their life
- People v. Turner – 2015 American criminal case
- Status Anxiety – 2004 book by Alain de Botton
References
[edit]- ^ Ferguson, Christopher J. (14 December 2013). "Psychologist: "Affluenza" is Junk Science". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
- ^ Flurry, Laura Ann; Swimberghe, Krist R. (1 January 2021). "The affluenza epidemic: consequences of parent-child value congruence in a material world". Journal of Consumer Marketing. 38 (2): 201–210. doi:10.1108/JCM-04-2019-3159. ISSN 0736-3761.
- ^ Kershaw, Sarah (4 January 2016). "Affluenza: a plague on both their houses, their cars and their yacht". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
- ^ "Escape from Affluenza", KCTS
- ^ Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic, John de Graaf, David Wann & Thomas H. Naylor, 2001 ISBN 1-57675-199-6
- ^ James, Oliver (2007). Affluenza: How to Be Successful and Stay Sane. Vermilion. ISBN 978-0-09-190011-3.
- ^ James, Oliver (2008). The Selfish Capitalist. Vermilion. ISBN 978-0-09-192381-5.
- ^ James, Oliver (2007). "Appendix 2: Emotional Distress and Inequality: Selfish vs Unselfish Capitalist Nations". Affluenza: How to be Successful and Stay Sane. London: Vermilion. p. 344. ISBN 978-0-09-190010-6.
1. The mean prevalence of emotional distress for the six English-speaking nations combined was 21.6%. The mean for the other nations, mainland Western Europe plus Japan, was 11.5%.
- ^ a b c Clive Hamilton; Richard Denniss (2005). Affluenza: When Too Much Is Never Enough. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74115-624-9.
- ^ "A Manifesto For Wellbeing". Wellbeingmanifesto.net. The Australia Institute. 7 May 2005. Archived from the original on 7 May 2005. Retrieved 29 May 2018. (Archive is the same work, but on a different website)
Further reading
[edit]- The Circle of Simplicity, Cecile Andrews, ISBN 0-06-092872-7
- The Golden Ghetto: The Psychology of Affluence, Jessie H. O'Neill, ISBN 978-0-9678554-0-0
- Voluntary Simplicity, Duane Elgin, ISBN 0-688-12119-5
- How Much Is Too Much? Raising Likeable, Responsible, Respectful Children-From Toddler to Teens-In an Age of Overindulgence, Clarke, Jean Illsley, Bredehoft, David & Dawson, Connie, ISBN 978-0-7382-1681-2
External links
[edit]
- "Affluenza". pbs.org.
- Macquarie Dictionary Word of the Year Winners: Affluenza
- The Affluenza Project
- Affluenza issues in the USA
- Affluenza video Archived 27 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- A film clip "The Open Mind - Affluenza (1984)" is available for viewing at the Internet Archive
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