Hirundo

Hirundo
	A barn swallow collecting nest material in Germany
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Hirundinidae
Subfamily:	Hirundininae
Genus:	Hirundo; Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
	Hirundo rustica (barn swallow); Linnaeus, 1758
Species
	See text

The bird genus Hirundo is a group of passerines in the family Hirundinidae (swallows and martins). The genus name is Latin for a swallow.^[1] These are the typical swallows, including the widespread barn swallow. Many of this group have blue backs, red on the face and sometimes the rump or nape, and whitish or rufous underparts. With fifteen species this genus is the largest in its family.

Taxonomy

The genus Hirundo was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.^[2] The genus name is the Latin word for a swallow.^[3] Linnaeus included eight species in the genus and of these William Swainson designated the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) as the type species.^[4]^[5]

Extant species

The genus contains sixteen species. The linear sequence is based on two molecular phylogenetic studies published in 2005 and 2018.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Common name	Scientific name	Distribution
Black-and-rufous swallow	Hirundo nigrorufa	Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia.
Blue swallow	Hirundo atrocaerulea	from South Africa to Tanzania
Pied-winged swallow	Hirundo leucosoma	Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo.
White-tailed swallow	Hirundo megaensis	Oromia, Ethiopia.
Pearl-breasted swallow	Hirundo dimidiata	southern Africa from Angola, southern Congo and Tanzania southwards.
Pacific swallow	Hirundo javanica	southern Asia and the islands of the south Pacific.
Tahiti swallow	Hirundo tahitica	islands of Moorea and Tahiti in French Polynesia
Hill swallow	Hirundo domicola	southern India and Sri Lanka.
Welcome swallow	Hirundo neoxena	Australia and nearby islands
White-throated swallow	Hirundo albigularis	southern Africa from Angola and Zambia southwards to the Cape in South Africa.
Wire-tailed swallow	Hirundo smithii	southern Africa and southeastern Asia.
White-bibbed swallow	Hirundo nigrita	Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Uganda.
Barn swallow	Hirundo rustica	North and South America, most of Africa aside from the Sahara Desert, most of Eurasia aside from the northern Siberia, and northern Australia.
Angola swallow	Hirundo angolensis	Angola, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia.
Red-chested swallow	Hirundo lucida	West Africa, the Congo Basin and Ethiopia.
Ethiopian swallow	Hirundo aethiopica	Benin to Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Israel, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda

Extinct species

There are at least two fossil species included in this genus:

†Hirundo gracilis (late Miocene of Polgardi, Hungary)^[9]
†Hirundo major (Pliocene of Csarnota, Hungary)^[9]

Former species

Some authorities, either presently or formerly, recognize several additional species as belonging to the genus Hirundo including:

West African swallow (as Hirundo domicella)^[10]

Distribution and habitat

All of the species are found in the Old World, although one, the barn swallow, is cosmopolitan, also occurring in the Americas.

Gallery

H. rustica foraging
Windows in the tail of H. rustica
Tail streamers of H. smithii filifera
Nest of H. rustica
Clutch of H. rustica gutturalis
Clutch of H. smithii

References

^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 193. ISBN 978-1408125014.
^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 191.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Swainson, William John (1837). On the Natural History and Classification of Birds. Vol. 2. London: John Taylor. p. 340.
^ Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 479. ISBN 978-0-9568611-2-2.
^ Sheldon, Frederick H.; Whittingham, Linda A.; Moyle, Robert G.; Slikas, Beth; Winkler, David W. (April 2005). "Phylogeny of swallows (Aves: Hirundinidae) estimated from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35 (1): 254–270. Bibcode:2005MolPE..35..254S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.008. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 15737595.
^ Silva, Thilina N. de; Fernando, Sumudu W.; Robbins, Mark B.; Cooper, Jacob C.; Fokam, Eric B.; Peterson, A. Townsend (2018). "Recognition of a new generic-level swallow taxon from central Africa". Journal of Avian Biology. 49 (9): e01698. doi:10.1111/jav.01698. ISSN 1600-048X. S2CID 90611033.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Swallows". IOC World Bird List Version 14.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
^ ^a ^b Kessler, E. (2013). Neogene songbirds (Aves, Passeriformes) from Hungary. Hantkeniana Budapest 8: 37-149.
^ "Cecropis domicella - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-05-05.

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[job-1] Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 193. ISBN 978-1408125014.

[2] Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 191.

[3] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[4] Swainson, William John (1837). On the Natural History and Classification of Birds. Vol. 2. London: John Taylor. p. 340.

[5] Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 479. ISBN 978-0-9568611-2-2.

[6] Sheldon, Frederick H.; Whittingham, Linda A.; Moyle, Robert G.; Slikas, Beth; Winkler, David W. (April 2005). "Phylogeny of swallows (Aves: Hirundinidae) estimated from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35 (1): 254–270. Bibcode:2005MolPE..35..254S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.008. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 15737595.

[7] Silva, Thilina N. de; Fernando, Sumudu W.; Robbins, Mark B.; Cooper, Jacob C.; Fokam, Eric B.; Peterson, A. Townsend (2018). "Recognition of a new generic-level swallow taxon from central Africa". Journal of Avian Biology. 49 (9): e01698. doi:10.1111/jav.01698. ISSN 1600-048X. S2CID 90611033.

[ioc-8] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Swallows". IOC World Bird List Version 14.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 October 2024.

[Kess-9] Kessler, E. (2013). Neogene songbirds (Aves, Passeriformes) from Hungary. Hantkeniana Budapest 8: 37-149.

[10] "Cecropis domicella - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-05-05.

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