Inuvialuit

"Inuvialuk" redirects here. For their language, see Inuvialuktun.

Inuvialuit

The flag of the Inuvialuit people, depicting a gyrfalcon.
Eileen Jacobson, Inuvialuit guide
Regions with significant populations
Canada Northwest Territories
Languages
Inuvialuktun, English
Religion
Inuit religion, Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Other Inuit and Eskimo

Inu- ᐃᓄ- / nuna ᓄᓇ "person" / "land"
Person	Inuvialuk
People	Inuvialuit
Language	Inuvialuktun; Ujjiqsuuraq
Country	Inuvialuit Nunangit,      Inuit Nunangat ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᑦ

The Inuvialuit (sing. Inuvialuk; the real people) or Western Canadian Inuit are Inuit who live in the western Canadian Arctic region. They, like all other Inuit, are descendants of the Thule who migrated eastward from Alaska. Their homeland – the Inuvialuit Settlement Region – covers the Arctic Ocean coastline area from the Alaskan border, east through the Beaufort Sea and beyond the Amundsen Gulf which includes some of the western Canadian Arctic Islands, as well as the inland community of Aklavik and part of Yukon. The land was demarked in 1984 by the Inuvialuit Final Agreement.

History and migration

Traditional Inuvialuit whaling camp near Tuktoyaktuk

Map of the Inuvialuit homeland

Principal Inuvialuit communities

The Inuvialuit Settlement Region was primarily inhabited by Siglit Inuit until their numbers were decimated by the introduction of new diseases in the second half of the 19th century. Nunatamiut, Alaskan Inuit, moved into traditional Siglit areas in the 1910s and 20s, enticed in part by renewed demand for furs from the Hudson's Bay Company and European markets. The Nunatamiut who settled in the Siglit area became known as Uummarmiut. Originally, there was an intense dislike between the Siglit and the Uummarmiut, but these differences faded over the years, and the two aboriginal peoples intermarried. With improved healthcare and Nunatamiut intermarriage, the Inuvialuit now number approximately 3,100.

In the 1930s, the Inuvialuit were involved in a Canadian government scheme to introduce reindeer herding as the primary economic driver of the Western Arctic. At tremendous expense, thousands of domesticated animals were herded from Alaska to the new Mackenzie Delta community of Reindeer Station. Indigenous Sámi people were imported from Norway to teach Inuvialuit men how to care for their own individual herds. However, the program was relatively unsuccessful, as it required a lonely lifestyle and was less lucrative than traditional hunting and trapping.

The Inuvialuit Settlement Region Traditional Knowledge Report of 2006 identified additional naming characteristics. Those Inuvialuit who live in the west are called Ualinirmiut (Ualiniq) by the people of the east. The Inuvialuit who occupy the east are known as Kivaninmiut (Kivaliniq) by the people of the west.

The Inuit of Ulukhaktok are neither Siglit nor Uummarmiut but are Copper Inuit and refer to themselves as Ulukhaktokmuit after Ulukhaktok, the native name for what used to be called Holman.

The proposed Mackenzie Valley Pipeline would have passed through both Inuvialuit and Gwich'in territory before the abandonment of the project in 2017.

Language

The traditional language is known as Inuvialuktun and it is made up of three or four dialects. Uummarmiutun, spoken by the Uummarmiut of Aklavik and Inuvik, is an Inupiatun dialect but is usually associated with Inuvialuktun. Siglitun is spoken by the Siglit of Sachs Harbour, Paulatuk, Tuktoyaktuk and Inuvik. Kangiryuarmiutun is used by the Kangiryuarmiut of Ulukhaktok. Kangiryuarmiutun is essentially the same as Inuinnaqtun which is also used in the Nunavut communities of Kugluktuk, Bathurst Inlet and Cambridge Bay. Natsilingmiutut used by the Netsilingmiut of Gjoa Haven, Taloyoak, Kugaaruk and Repulse Bay in Nunavut. Uummarmiutun, Siglitun and Inuinnaqtun (Kangiryuarmiutun) are all written using Latin script while Natsilingmiutut is written in Inuktitut syllabics.

Culture

Year-round, Inuvialuit hunt caribou from the Cape Bathurst and Bluenose herds, and have also shared the Porcupine herd with the Gwich’in. There has been some tension between the Inuvialuit and the Gwich’in over caribou hunting. Other activities are seasonal:

• Spring: fishing, geese hunting, grizzly hunting
• Summer: whaling, fishing, gathering berries, roots and medicinal plants
• Autumn: fishing, sealing, geese hunting, and plant gathering
• Winter: fishing, sealing, polar bear hunting

Traditional games include:

• akimuq: high kick game
• ayahaaq: string game
• iglukisaaq: juggling rocks
• mak: played by trying to make a person laugh
• napataak: darts; played with a wooden handle and sharp nail

Communities

Inuvialuit communities
Community	English translation	2006 population	Inuvialuit	First Nations	Métis	non-Aboriginal
Aklavik	"barren-ground grizzly place"	594	350	185	10	40
Inuvik	"place of man"	3,484	1,335	630	160	1,260
Paulatuk	"place of coal"	294	260	0	0	30
Sachs Harbour	traditionally called Ikahuak, meaning "where you go across to"	122	105	n/a	n/a	15
Tuktoyaktuk	"resembling a caribou", formerly known as Port Brabant	870	705	20	10	145
Ulukhaktok	"a large bluff where we used to collect raw material to make ulus", formerly known as Holman	398	360	10	0	30

The area of the land covered by the Inuvialuit Settlement Region is 521,707.68 km² (201,432.46 sq mi). Aklavik (Aklavik Indian Band, Ehdiitat Gwich’in Council) and Inuvik (Nihtat Gwich’in Council) are shared with the Gwich’in people, who are represented by the Gwich’in Tribal Council.

External links

• The Inuvialuit
• Inuvialuit Development Corporation
• Morrison, David. "Retracing an Archaeological Expedition. The Inuvialuit". Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation.