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Francis William Aston

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Francis William Aston
FRS
Aston in 1922
Born(1877-09-01)1 September 1877
Harborne, Birmingham, England
Died20 November 1945(1945-11-20) (aged 68)
Cambridge, England
NationalityEnglish
CitizenshipBritish
Alma materMason College (as issued by University of London)
Trinity College, Cambridge
Known forMass spectrograph
Whole Number Rule
Aston Dark Space[1]
AwardsMackenzie Davidson Medal (1920)
Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1922)
Hughes Medal (1922)
John Scott Medal (1923)
Paterno Medal (1923)
Royal Medal (1938)
Duddell Medal and Prize (1944)
Scientific career
FieldsChemistry, physics
InstitutionsTrinity College, Cambridge
Doctoral advisorPercy F. Frankland[citation needed]
Other academic advisorsJ. J. Thomson
John Henry Poynting[1]
William A. Tilden[1]

Francis William Aston FRS[2] (1 September 1877 – 20 November 1945) was a British chemist and physicist who won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes in many non-radioactive elements and for his enunciation of the whole number rule.[3][4] He was a fellow of the Royal Society[2] and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.[5]

Biography

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Early life

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Mason College, before its incorporation into the University of Birmingham; this building was destroyed in 1964.

Francis Aston was born in Harborne, now part of Birmingham, on 1 September 1877.[6][7] He was the third child and second son of William Aston and Fanny Charlotte Hollis. He was educated at the Harborne Vicarage School and later Malvern College in Worcestershire where he was a boarder. In 1893 Francis William Aston began his university studies at Mason College (which was then external college of University of London) where he was taught physics by John Henry Poynting and chemistry by Frankland and Tilden. From 1896 on he conducted additional research on organic chemistry in a private laboratory at his father's house. In 1898 he started as a student of Frankland financed by a Forster Scholarship; his work concerned optical properties of tartaric acid compounds. He started to work on fermentation chemistry at the school of brewing in Birmingham and was employed by W. Butler & Co. Brewery in 1900. This period of employment ended in 1903 when he returned to the University of Birmingham under Poynting as an Associate.

Research

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With a scholarship from the University of Birmingham, he pursued research in physics following the discovery of X-rays and radioactivity in the mid-1890s. Aston studied the current through a gas-filled tube. The research, conducted with self-made discharge tubes, led him to investigate the volume of the Aston dark space.[8][9][10]

After the death of his father, and a trip around the world in 1908, he was appointed lecturer at the University of Birmingham in 1909 but moved to the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge on the invitation of J. J. Thomson in 1910.[citation needed]

Birmingham University awarded him a BSc in Applied/Pure Science in 1910[citation needed] and a DSc in Applied/Pure Science in 1914.[11]

Joseph John Thomson revealed the nature of the cathode ray and then discovered the electron and he was now doing research on the positively charged "Kanalstrahlen" discovered by Eugen Goldstein in 1886. The method of deflecting particles in the "Kanalstrahlen" by magnetic fields was discovered by Wilhelm Wien in 1908; combining magnetic and electric fields allowed the separation of different ions by their ratio of charge and mass. Ions of a particular charge/mass ratio would leave a characteristic parabolic trace on a photographic plate, demonstrating for the first time that atoms of a single element could have different masses. The first sector field mass spectrometer was the result of these experiments.[12]

Replica of Aston's third mass spectrometer

It was speculations about isotopy that directly gave rise to the building of a mass spectrometer capable of separating the isotopes of the chemical elements. Aston initially worked on the identification of isotopes in the element neon and later chlorine and mercury.

In 1912, Aston discovered that the neon splits into two tracts, roughly corresponding to atomic mass 20 and 22. He named the mass 22 one "meta-neon", a name he took from Occult Chemistry.[13]

First World War stalled and delayed his research on providing experimental proof for the existence of isotopes by mass spectroscopy and during the war, Aston worked at the Royal Aircraft Establishment in Farnborough as a Technical Assistant working on aeronautical coatings.[citation needed]

After the war, he returned to research at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge and completed building his first mass spectrograph that he reported on in 1919.[14] Subsequent improvements in the instrument led to the development of a second and third instrument of improved mass resolving power and mass accuracy. These instruments employing electromagnetic focusing allowed him to identify 212 naturally occurring isotopes. In 1921, Aston became a member of the International Committee on Atomic Weights[15] and a fellow of the Royal Society[2] and received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry the following year.[16]

His work on isotopes also led to his formulation of the whole number rule which states that "the mass of the oxygen isotope being defined [as 16], all the other isotopes have masses that are very nearly whole numbers", a rule that was used extensively in the development of nuclear energy. The exact mass of many isotopes was measured leading to the result that hydrogen has a 1% higher mass than expected by the average mass of the other elements. Aston speculated about the subatomic energy and the use of it in 1936.

Isotopes[17] and Mass-spectra and Isotopes[18] are his most well-known books.

Private life and death

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External videos
video icon Michael A. Grayson, Discovery of Isotopes of Elements (Part II: Francis William Aston), Profiles in Chemistry, Chemical Heritage Foundation

In his private life, he was a sportsman, cross-country skiing and skating in winter time, during his regular visits to Switzerland and Norway; deprived of these winter sports during the First World War he started climbing. Between the ages of 20 and 25 he spent a large part of his spare time cycling. With the invention of motorised vehicles he constructed a combustion engine of his own in 1902 and participated in the Gordon Bennett auto race in Ireland in 1903. Not content with these sports he also engaged in swimming, golf, especially with Rutherford and other colleagues in Cambridge,[19] tennis, winning some prizes at open tournaments in England Wales and Ireland and learning surfing in Honolulu in 1909. Coming from a musical family, he was capable of playing the piano, violin and cello at a level such that he regularly played in concerts at Cambridge. He visited many places around the globe on extensive travel tours starting from 1908 with a trip to Australia and New Zealand which he visited again in 1938–1939.[2][20]

Aston was a skilled photographer and interested in astronomy. He joined several expeditions to study solar eclipses in Benkoeben in 1925, Sumatra in 1932, Magog in Canada on 31 August 1932 and Kamishari Hokkaido, Japan on June19th 1936. He also planned to attend expeditions to South Africa in 1940 and Brazil in 1945 in later life. He never married.

Aston died in Cambridge on 20 November 1945 at the age of 68.[5]

Legacy

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The lunar crater Aston was named in his honour.

The British Mass Spectrometry Society awards the Aston Medal in his honour.

References

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  1. ^ a b c "Francis W. Aston - Biographical". NobelPrize.org. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d Hevesy, G. (1948). "Francis William Aston. 1877–1945". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 5 (16): 634–650. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1948.0002. JSTOR 768761. S2CID 191531223.
  3. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 14 April 2008.
  4. ^ Squires, Gordon (1998). "Francis Aston and the mass spectrograph". Dalton Transactions (23): 3893–3900. doi:10.1039/a804629h.
  5. ^ a b "Dr. F.W. Aston Dies. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1922. Noted for His Work With Isotopes. In Tour of This Country 23 Years Ago, He Foresaw the Releasing of New Energy. Developed Isotopes. Headed Atom Committee. Lectured in This Country". The New York Times. 22 November 1945. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
  6. ^ Plaque #1616 on Open Plaques
  7. ^ Kevin M. Downard (2015). "Francis William Aston". The Encyclopedia of Mass Spectrometry. Vol. 9B. pp. 6–8. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100379-4.00048-4. ISBN 9780081003794.
  8. ^ Francis William Aston (1907). "Experiments on a New Cathode Dark Space in Helium and Hydrogen". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 80 (535): 45–49. Bibcode:1907RSPSA..80...45A. doi:10.1098/rspa.1907.0072. JSTOR 92589.
  9. ^ Francis William Aston (1907). "Experiments on the Length of the Cathode Dark Space with Varying Current Densities and Pressures in Different Gases". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 79 (528): 80–95. Bibcode:1907RSPSA..79...80A. doi:10.1098/rspa.1907.0016. JSTOR 92573. S2CID 93793736.
  10. ^ Francis William Aston (1911). "The Distribution of Electric Force in the Crookes Dark Space". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 84 (573): 526–535. Bibcode:1911RSPSA..84..526A. doi:10.1098/rspa.1911.0005. hdl:2433/256511. JSTOR 93257.
  11. ^ "University of Birmingham - the University's Nobel Prize winners". Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
  12. ^ Jones, Mark. "Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  13. ^ Hughes, Jeff (September 2003). "Occultism and the atom: the curious story of isotopes". Physics World. 16 (9): 31–35. doi:10.1088/2058-7058/16/9/38. ISSN 0953-8585.
  14. ^ D.Sc, F. W. Aston M. A. (1 December 1919). "LXXIV. A positive ray spectrograph". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 38 (228): 707–714. doi:10.1080/14786441208636004. ISSN 1941-5982.
  15. ^ F.W. Aston; et al. (1923). "Report of the International Committee on Chemical Elements: 1923". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 45 (4): 867–874. doi:10.1021/ja01657a001.
  16. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922". The Nobel Prize. Retrieved 22 October 2023. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922 was awarded to Francis William Aston "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"
  17. ^ Aston, Francis William (1922). Isotopes. London: E. Arnold. p. 152.
  18. ^ Aston, Francis William (1933). Mass-Spectra and Isotopes. London: Edward Arnold.
  19. ^ KM Downard (2007). "Cavendish's Crocodile and Dark Horse – The Lives of Rutherford and Aston in Parallel". Mass Spectrometry Reviews. 26 (5): 713–723. Bibcode:2007MSRv...26..713D. doi:10.1002/mas.20145. PMID 17546675.
  20. ^ KM Downard (2007). "Francis William Aston – the man behind the mass spectrograph". European Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 13 (3): 177–190. doi:10.1255/ejms.878. PMID 17881785. S2CID 25747367.
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